CA1257416A - Wireless pbx/lan system with optimum combining - Google Patents
Wireless pbx/lan system with optimum combiningInfo
- Publication number
- CA1257416A CA1257416A CA000496464A CA496464A CA1257416A CA 1257416 A CA1257416 A CA 1257416A CA 000496464 A CA000496464 A CA 000496464A CA 496464 A CA496464 A CA 496464A CA 1257416 A CA1257416 A CA 1257416A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- base station
- terminals
- signals
- adaptive
- power control
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/06—Receivers
- H04B1/16—Circuits
- H04B1/18—Input circuits, e.g. for coupling to an antenna or a transmission line
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
- H04W52/22—TPC being performed according to specific parameters taking into account previous information or commands
- H04W52/228—TPC being performed according to specific parameters taking into account previous information or commands using past power values or information
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
- H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
- H04W52/42—TPC being performed in particular situations in systems with time, space, frequency or polarisation diversity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
- H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
- H04W84/16—WPBX [Wireless Private Branch Exchange]
Abstract
A WIRELESS PBX/LAN SYSTEM WITH OPTIMUM COMBINING
Abstract A wireless PBX or LAN system is disclosed that allows multiple, simultaneous users per channel for communication between a base station and a plurality of remote terminals by a combination of adaptive signal processing arrays using optimum combining at the base station for interference suppression and separation of desired signals, adaptive power control at the remote terminals to keep interference at acceptable levels, and adaptive retransmission with time division in the direction from the base station to the remote terminals for communication therebetween including sending power control information to the remote terminals. The adaptive signal processing arrays have a plurality of antennas at the base station, permitting a plurality of users in any one channel. If after adaptation a user's signal cannot be received adequately, the user is dynamically reassigned to a different channel. Interference is minimized by keeping the signals transmitted from and received at the base station at the same power level. The received signals are kept at the same power level by extracting information about the power level of the signals received at the base station and by sending power control bits back to the corresponding remote terminal so that the signal level from the remote terminal may be adjusted either up or down until the power level of each of the signals received at the base station is at the same level. The transmitted signls are kept at the same power level by adaptive retransmission with time division.
Abstract A wireless PBX or LAN system is disclosed that allows multiple, simultaneous users per channel for communication between a base station and a plurality of remote terminals by a combination of adaptive signal processing arrays using optimum combining at the base station for interference suppression and separation of desired signals, adaptive power control at the remote terminals to keep interference at acceptable levels, and adaptive retransmission with time division in the direction from the base station to the remote terminals for communication therebetween including sending power control information to the remote terminals. The adaptive signal processing arrays have a plurality of antennas at the base station, permitting a plurality of users in any one channel. If after adaptation a user's signal cannot be received adequately, the user is dynamically reassigned to a different channel. Interference is minimized by keeping the signals transmitted from and received at the base station at the same power level. The received signals are kept at the same power level by extracting information about the power level of the signals received at the base station and by sending power control bits back to the corresponding remote terminal so that the signal level from the remote terminal may be adjusted either up or down until the power level of each of the signals received at the base station is at the same level. The transmitted signls are kept at the same power level by adaptive retransmission with time division.
Description
~7'~
A WIRELESS PBX/LAN SYSTEM WITH OPTIMUM COMB12~ING
re ~ h~
This invention relates to radio frequency antenna combining systems and, in particular, to the application of such a system to a PBX system or a local area network which has no wire interconnect$ng the remote terminals with a base station and in which adaptive power control is used at the remote ,, transmitters to reduce interference.
Background of the Invention A traditional private branch exchange (PBX) is used inside a building and has a base station comprising a switching system connected, through wiring inside the building~ to a plurality of remote terminals such as telephone sets, data sets, teletypewriters, computer terminals, and the like. Because of these wired connections, moving or adding remote terminals involves expensive and time consuming wiring or rewiring. ~hese problems can be eliminated by replacing the wiring between the base station and the remote terminals by microwave frequency signals, such as is done currently for single u~ers with cordless phones. However, the use of multiple ~ordless phones is not practical for use with PBX's becau~e of problems with capacity, adjacent channel intelference, and interference from other systems, as described below.
Currently, cordless phones have been allocated only a few channels at about S0 MHz by the FCC.
Although adequate for residential use, the capacity is clearly inadequate for buildings using PBX's. Even if more bandwidth were allocated for cordless phones or wireless PBX's ~for example~ the mobile radio band at 900 MHz), the use of current phone systems would still , ' ~
, . ~
~ ~ ~ 7 have problems.
One problem is adjacent channel interference.
Present cordless phone systems have fixed remote and base station transmit powers and can operate with signal power variations up to 80 dB at the receiver. Thus, such a system with one base station and multiple remotes can have received signals differing in power by as much as 80 dB at the base station which creates an adjacent channel interference problem.
Another problem is interference from other nearby systems. Signal propagation in buildings varies substantially with the position of the user resulting in a high probability that interfering signals from nearby systems are stronger than the desired signal. Such interference could easily block channels, thereby reducing capacity or abruptly terminating calls.
The above discussion also applies to wireless local area networks (LAN).
Summary of the Invention __.______________________ In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention the aforesaid problems are solved by a wire-less system for communication between a base station and a plurality of terminals at locations remote from said base station, said system comprising in combination means, including plural antennas for adaptive signal processing at said base station for interference suppression and separation of desired signals, means for adaptive power control at trans-mitters located at said terminals for reducing interference to acceptable levels, and means for adaptive retransmission with time division in the direction from said base station to said terminals ~or communications therebetween and for sending power control information to said terminals. That is, by optimum combining, signals received by several antennas at the base station are weighted and combined to maximize a ratio which is obtained by dividing the signal power by the sum of the noise and interference power. This novel cornbination 1) permits frequency reuse with multiple simultaneous users per channel, thereby greatly increasing the capacity of the wireless J. H. winters 1 ~574 P~X, or loc~l ar~a ne~work, 2) ~liminates th~ probl4m of adjacent channel interference through adaptive power control, and 3) reduces the problem of inter~erence ~rom other Bystems through interference suppressing adaptive S arrays.
More particularly, adaptive signal processing arrays comprise a plurality of antennas at the base station, permitting a plurality of users in any one channel~ Although the signals from ~11 the remobe terminals are received at a receiver in the basel station, the desired signals from the corresponding remote terminal are ~eparated by using optimum combining. If after adaptation a user's signal cannot be received adequately (i.e., the signal is below a predetermined threshold), the user is dynamically reassigned to a different channel. That is, $~ the interference is too strong, by dynamic channel assignment the user is assigned to a different channel.
Interference is minimi2ed by keeping the signals transmitted from and received at the ba~e station at the same power level. The received signals are kept at the same power level by extracting information about the power level of the signals received at the base station and by ~ending pbwer control bits back to the corresponding remote terminal so that the ~ignal level from the remote ~erminal may be adiusted either up or down until the power level o~ each of the signals received at the base station is at the same levelO The transmitted signals are kept at the same power level by adaptive retransmission with time division as described below.
By adaptive retransmission, the base station transmits at the same frequency as it receiveæ, using the complex con~ugates of ~he re~eiving weights~ ~ith time division, a single channel i8 time shared by both directions o transmission by a plurality of users.
With optimum combinillg, durin~ transmission from the ~;~S~4~L~
remote terminals to the base station, the antenna element weights are adjusted to maximize the signal to interference plus noise ratio at the receiver output. During transmission from the base station to the remote terminals, the complex conjugate of the receiving weights are used so that the signals from the base station antennas combine to enhance reception of the signal at the desired remote and to suppress this signal at other remotes. The advantage of optimum combining at both the remote and the base station is realized by using multiple antennas at the base station only.
Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a PBX embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the essential components of a remote terminal;
FIG. 3 shows the essential components of the base station in a block diagram;
FIG. 4 shows details of a receiver;
FIG. 5 shows a timing diagram; and FIG's 6 to 8 show a flow chart for the operation of the base station.
Detailed Description Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a wireless PBX
system comprising L + 1 remote terminals 10, 12, 14, ... .
16 which communicate via a single channel at microwave frequencies with a base station 20. All remote terminals transmit simultaneously, that is, during the same period.
Likewise, all receive simultaneously during a different period. Base station 20 comprises a plurality of M antennas 22, 24, 26, ... , 28. The M antennas increase the capacity of the system. Initially in a PBX system, the number of remotes L + 1 is less than M. The number of remote terminals may grow to be equal to M but may never exceed M.
Up to M simultaneous users may be permitted on a channel, thereby increasing the capacity of the PBX system over a ;.... ! . . : :~ I
J. H~ Winters 1 .
~574 ~lngl~ u~ or channel oystem.
The microwave Gignals received at the ba~e antennas are multiplexed at 30 where ~hey ~re then distributed in parallel to the L ~ 1 receivers 34, 369 3B, ~.. , 40 because each receiver communicates with a particular remote terminal. Although signals from all terminals are received in each receiver, ~he signals from a particular remote terminal are obtaine~ by using optimum combining thereby nulling out the signal~ ~rom the other remote terminals. Finally, the'~ignalsl detected at a receiver are sent on to PBX switch 42.
Signals from PBX 42 trace ~he reverse path through the aforesaid elements.
Information about the power levels of the signals received ~rom a remote terminal are multiplexed into the bit stream prior to transmission from the base stationO The power bits are extracted at the remote terminal where the power level of the signals are adjusted up or down for transmission to the base station~ The power level of the signals are adjusted repeatedly until the signals received at base ~tation 20 are all substantially at the same level. By this method both the capacity is increased and the interference is reduced.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown remote terminal 10 which is typical of the other L remote terminals. In a traditional PBX, terminal 170 is a telephone set. But terminal 170 may also be a ~omputer terminal, a data set or the like. Signals from terminal 170 are modulated at 180. In the preferred embodiment, the data bits from the terminal modulate a carrier to generate a phase ~hift keyed ~PS~) signal, code symbols which are used by the base station to di~tinguish ~ignals from different remotes also modulate a carrier to generate an orthogonal PSR signal, and the two signals are summed. The power level of the modulated 9ignal5 i8 ad~u~ted at 190 ln r~spon~e to pow~r control ~L~574~
bits received from demultiple~er 150. The modulated signals are then transmitted via antenna 110 to base station 20 of FIG. 1.
Signals from base station 20 of FIG. 1 are received via antenna 110, filtered and detected at 140 and then demultiplexed at 150 into two streams: one stream represents data and is sent on to terminal 170, the other represents power control bits and is sent on to power control circuit 190. The power of the signals from modulator 180 is stepped up or down by a predetermined amount depending on whether the power control bit is a 1 or a 0, respectively. By this process the power levels of all the signals received at base station 20 of FIG. 1 from all L + 1 remote terminals are maintained at substantially the same level. THe method of generating the power control bits is described more fully hereinbelow.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an M antenna diversity combining system comprising antenna systems 22, 24 ... 28 at base 20. During any given period, all the transmitters at the base station must transmit and all the remotes must receive simultaneously, for synchronization.
Likewise, all remotes must transmit and all base station receivers must receive simultaneously during the same period.
That is, all the antennas either receive simultaneously or transmit simultaneously under control of PBX switch 42 of FIG. 1. This is illustrated in FIG. 5.
Referring to FIG. 3 again, microwave signals, yl(t)~ are received from the remote terminals at antenna 220 and passed through circulator 222 to quadrature hybrid 240 where the signals are split into their inphase and quadrature components. The inphase components of the signals are mixed at element 260 with a microwave frequency carrier signal which is generated from local oscillator 250 in order to remove the carrier signal; the resultant signals are filtered at 264 and J. H. Wint~rs 1 _ 7 ~ 741~
t~n conv~t~d ~rom ~n~log to aigital in element 266 before being ~ent on via I rail 271 to multiplexor 30~
Likewi~e, signals from local oscillator 250 are mixed at 280 with ~he quadrature components of the re~eived S microwave signals and then filtered at 284 to remove the microwave carrier ~ignal. The filtered signals are then converted from analog to digital form before being ~ent on to multiplexer 30 via the Q rail 291.
These digital signals, along with the I ,rail and the Q rail signals from the remaining M - 1 antennas; are sent via multiplexer 30 in a serial bit struam vin f~n out c~rcui~ 32 in p~rallel to ~very one ~f the receiver units 34, 36 ... 40 for processing and transmission to PBX 42. In the reverse direction, that is when PBX 42 of FIG~ 1 is transmitting to the remote terminals, ~ignals from receivers 34, 36 ... 40 are summed at 3~ for each antenna and demultiplexed at 30;
thereafter, the signals are sent to the ~ppropriate antenna I rail or Q rail. The signal on I rail 271~ for example, is converted from digital to analog at element 262 and the analog signals modulate the microwave $requency c~rrier signal from local oscillator 250.
Likewi~e, the digital signals from Q rail 291 are converted to analog form at element 282~ The ~ignals then modulate the microwave frequency carrier signal from local oscillator 250. The two signals from the I
rail and the Q rail are combined at quadrature hybrid circuit 240 and the output ~ignals therefrom tran~mitted via antenna 220 to the remote terminals.
As.stated hereinabove, the multiplexed stream of bits from I rail 271 and Q rail 291 and the other I
rails and Q rails of the remaining antenna systems 24, ... , 28 cf FIG. 3 i~ distributed in parallel to each of the receivers 34, 36, ..., 40. At receiver 34, which is illustrative of the other receivers and ~hown in FIG. 4, the aforesaid stream is demultiplexed at element 332 into a plur~l~ty og I ~ n~ 0 r911 gtr~am~ XX ~t~ ~nd J. H. Winters 1 - 8 ~ ~ ~ 5 XQ (~)~ resp~tiv~ly~ shown or ~a~8 ln undorst~nding a~
Il' Ql; I2' Q2; I3~ Q3; ~ M~ QM~ These I rail and Q rail bits are sent to a plurality of mixers 334r 336;
338, 340; ...; 34Z, 344 and to weight generation circuit 352. Weighting ~ignals, ~I (t) and W~i(t~ are generated in accordance with optimum combining (in the preferred embodiment, the least mean square (LMS) algorithm, a known process) from weight generatio~
circuit 352 and are sent to the mixers 33q, 336;l3!38, 340; O~ ; 342, 344.
A major difference between wireless terminals in office3 nnd mobile radio i~ the fading rate. In mobile radio the fading rate is about 70 Hz. Thus, the weights must adapt in a fe~ milliseconds and the remote's transmit power cannot be adjusted fast enough with feedback from the base station to follow the fading - in mobile radio, power control is used to adjust the average received power whi~h is averaged over the fading. With wireless terminals, however, the fading rate is much less. For example, at 49 MHz a four mph velocity, such as walking with the remote terminal, produces a 0.29 Hz fading rate. This means, the weights ~an be adapted muc2l more slowly~ making implementation of optimum combining via the LMS algorithm on a chip much easier. Furthermore, becau~e the fading rate i~
less, the dynamic range of the LMS adaptive array is greater. That i~, the receiver can operate with higher interference to desired signal power ratios.
Furthermore, because adaptive power control ~an be used to keep the instantaneous received power at a constant level rather than the average received power, the level of interference at the base station is reduced, ~nd this permits greater interference suppression and more users per channel.
The weighted signals ~re then sent on to ~ignal combiner 346 wh~¢ they ~ro summ2d~to obtnln tha d~sir3d ~19nal~ t), ~o~ ~ pa~lcul~ r~mot~ te~mlnal J. H. winters l 9 1'~5~74~
and null out the ~lgn~l E~om thR other tQrmlnal~ ~he desired signals are sent on to detector 350 for bit detection. The desired signals are also sent to weighting circuit 3520 The detected signal is then sent on to PBX switch 42 of FIG. l. If the signal i5 not above a predetermined threshold, the remote terminal is switched to a different channel. It is assumed that there is a signaling channel to all remotes for call setup, time division (transmit and receive) ~', synchroni~ation, and dynamic channel assignment.l At weight generation circuit 352~ the received signal~ a~ u~d to Dd~u~t the we$ght~ thoroby ~orming the first of two adaptive loops.
Signals to be transmitted from the P8X 42 (of FIG. 1) to the remote terminals are sent to multiplexer 348 where they are multiplexed with the power ~ontrol bits generated ~rom power control circuit 354. The power control bits are used by the remote terminals for controlling the power level of the signals transmitted from the terminals to ~he base station; this form~ the second adaptive loop. The multiplexed ~ignals are then transmitted through power divider 346 to the mixers 334, 336; 338, 340; ... ; 342, 344 where they are weighted to generate the I rail and Q rail signals. The ~ rails carry the inphase signals and the Q rails carry the quadrature signals. The quadrature weights are, however~ opposite in sign so that the transmit ~ntenna pattern is the same as the adapted received antenna pattern. The aforesaid I rail signals and Q rail signals are multiplexed at 332 and sent on to summer 32 of FIG. 3.
Referring to FIG. ~ again, the multiplexed stream of bits from receivers 34, 36, ..0 , 40 ~re summed at 32 and sent on to demultiplexer 30 where the 35 stream i~ once again demultiplexed into the I rail signals and the Q rail ~ignals for each of the M
antenna6.
v . H . wi nters ~2574~
~ ba~e ~ation h~ M antenna~ which permitB up to M communication paths over a single channel. Each additional channel requires the replication of ~he circuitry shown in FIG's. 3 and 4 with the po~sible exception of the antennas. That is, the M antennas may be shared by all channels.
The optimum combiner .-an be described mathematically using complex notation~ Let the weight vector w is given by j WIl WQl w ~ WIM ~ i wQM ~........................ ~1) where the bar over a letter denotes a complex vector ~or number in FIG ' s. 6, 7, and 8) and the received signal vector x is qiven by XIl XQl x , xI~ ~ i xQM ....(2) The received signal consists of the desired signal, thermal noise, and interference and, therefore, can be expressed as x ~ ~d + Xn ~ ~ xj '---~3) where xd~ xn, and Xj are the received desired ~ignal, noise, and jth interfering signal vectors~ re~pectively, and L i~ the number of interfering signals~ .
Furthermore, let sd(t) and ~(t) be the de~ired an~ jth interfering signals as they are transmitted, J. H. Winters 1 57~
respectively, with E¦s~(t~ o~4) and E¦s~t)¦ ~ 1 for l<j<L .... ~3 Then x can be expre~sed as UdSdtt) ~ Xn + ~ ujsj(tl , ,~ 6) where ud and u; are the desired and jth interfering signal propagation vectors, respec~ively.
The re~eived interference-plus-noise correlation matrix is given by ~nn ~ E~ n ~ n j~
where the superscripts * and T denote conjugate and transpose, respectively.
Assuming the noise and interfering signals are uncorrelated, it can be shown 8) ~=
where ~ is the noise power and, I is the identity matrix.
Finally, the equation for the weights that maximize the output SINR is w ~ d Rnn Ud , (9) where ~ is a constant, which does not affect th~
performance o~ the optimum combiner, and the ~uperscript -1 denotes the inverse of the matrixa The output SINR
is given by J. ~1. Winters 1 - 12 - ~5~4~
S/N ~ r=~r ~= . ~.(107 ~ w S~ .
where f denotes the complex conjugate transpose.
In the preferred embodiment, the functions of the elements in FIG. 4 are performed by a microcomputer.
The following flow charts shown in FIGs. 6, 7 and 8 aid in understanding the operation of the base Qtation.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 6, box 1 show,s.that the base station receiver is initialized by settilng the transmitted bit number, 1, to 1 and the received bit number, n, to 0. The weights are set arbitrarily for an initial omnidirectional antenna pattern for the first antenna with all the other antennas turned off. The bar over the symbols denotes a complex number. The memory in the receiver is then cleared.
~he received bit number is incremented for the start of the receiving loop. This is shown in box 2, by making n s n + 1.
The received signals are inputted and the weiqhted signals are calculated. This is shown in box 3. XI corresponds to Ii and XQ corresponds to Qi.
~ he next step is ~hown in box 4 where the array output s comprising the sum of the weighted signals is calculated.
In box 5, the output bit An is processed at detector 350 in accordance with the following deci~ion rule:
if Re (s ~nT)) > 0 then a 0 is received;
if Re (s (n~ 0 then a 1 is received for detection of a phase shift key (PSK~ signal, where Re ~s) denotes the real part of the complex number 5-Referring to box 6, the detected bit An issent to PBX 92 of FIG. 1.
Referring to box 7, the code symbol c i5 next inputted It is assumed that the code symbol~ ~t the base ~tation receivers are ~ynchronized with those in J. H. wint~rs 1 - 13 - ~ ~57~
the received signal~.
~ he reference qignal R is calc~lated ~rom the code 5ym~01s and the array outpu~, where k is the memory of the digital fil~er in ~he reference signal generation loop. This i~ shown in box 8 in FIG. 7.
Referring next to box 9 the error signal e is calculated from the array output and reference signal.
~ he weights for the next received siqnal are calculated for each antenna, where the super~crip~ ~
denotes the complex conj~gate, and ~ is a constalt which controls the adapta~ion time ~f the receiver. Thi~ is shown in box 10.
The aforesaid receiving lo~p is repeated; that is, the next bit is received and processed, unless P~X
42 requests change to the transmitting mode (that is, for adaptive retransmission). This is shown in box 11.
For dynamic ~hannel assignment~ if the received signal level is below threshold Tl a request is sent to PBX 42 for the remote terminal to change to a different ~hannel~ This is shown in box 12.
The power control b$t is 5et to 1 for remote terminals to increase the transmit power if the sum of weights is above a threshold T2 or to 0 for remotes to decrease transmit power. This is shown in box 13.
The transmit signal input to the array ST is 1 if the transmitted bit i~ a 0 and -1 if the bit i6 a 1.
This is ~hown in box 14.
Box 15 in FIG. 8 shows that for each ant~enna the transmitted signal is ~alculated using the complex conjugate of the received weights, where Im (s) denotes the imaginary part of the complex number s~
Referring next to boxes 16 and 17 the transmitted bit number i& incremented, the next ~it is inputted, and the transmitting loop is repeated unless PBX 42 requests a chan~e to the receive modeO
A WIRELESS PBX/LAN SYSTEM WITH OPTIMUM COMB12~ING
re ~ h~
This invention relates to radio frequency antenna combining systems and, in particular, to the application of such a system to a PBX system or a local area network which has no wire interconnect$ng the remote terminals with a base station and in which adaptive power control is used at the remote ,, transmitters to reduce interference.
Background of the Invention A traditional private branch exchange (PBX) is used inside a building and has a base station comprising a switching system connected, through wiring inside the building~ to a plurality of remote terminals such as telephone sets, data sets, teletypewriters, computer terminals, and the like. Because of these wired connections, moving or adding remote terminals involves expensive and time consuming wiring or rewiring. ~hese problems can be eliminated by replacing the wiring between the base station and the remote terminals by microwave frequency signals, such as is done currently for single u~ers with cordless phones. However, the use of multiple ~ordless phones is not practical for use with PBX's becau~e of problems with capacity, adjacent channel intelference, and interference from other systems, as described below.
Currently, cordless phones have been allocated only a few channels at about S0 MHz by the FCC.
Although adequate for residential use, the capacity is clearly inadequate for buildings using PBX's. Even if more bandwidth were allocated for cordless phones or wireless PBX's ~for example~ the mobile radio band at 900 MHz), the use of current phone systems would still , ' ~
, . ~
~ ~ ~ 7 have problems.
One problem is adjacent channel interference.
Present cordless phone systems have fixed remote and base station transmit powers and can operate with signal power variations up to 80 dB at the receiver. Thus, such a system with one base station and multiple remotes can have received signals differing in power by as much as 80 dB at the base station which creates an adjacent channel interference problem.
Another problem is interference from other nearby systems. Signal propagation in buildings varies substantially with the position of the user resulting in a high probability that interfering signals from nearby systems are stronger than the desired signal. Such interference could easily block channels, thereby reducing capacity or abruptly terminating calls.
The above discussion also applies to wireless local area networks (LAN).
Summary of the Invention __.______________________ In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention the aforesaid problems are solved by a wire-less system for communication between a base station and a plurality of terminals at locations remote from said base station, said system comprising in combination means, including plural antennas for adaptive signal processing at said base station for interference suppression and separation of desired signals, means for adaptive power control at trans-mitters located at said terminals for reducing interference to acceptable levels, and means for adaptive retransmission with time division in the direction from said base station to said terminals ~or communications therebetween and for sending power control information to said terminals. That is, by optimum combining, signals received by several antennas at the base station are weighted and combined to maximize a ratio which is obtained by dividing the signal power by the sum of the noise and interference power. This novel cornbination 1) permits frequency reuse with multiple simultaneous users per channel, thereby greatly increasing the capacity of the wireless J. H. winters 1 ~574 P~X, or loc~l ar~a ne~work, 2) ~liminates th~ probl4m of adjacent channel interference through adaptive power control, and 3) reduces the problem of inter~erence ~rom other Bystems through interference suppressing adaptive S arrays.
More particularly, adaptive signal processing arrays comprise a plurality of antennas at the base station, permitting a plurality of users in any one channel~ Although the signals from ~11 the remobe terminals are received at a receiver in the basel station, the desired signals from the corresponding remote terminal are ~eparated by using optimum combining. If after adaptation a user's signal cannot be received adequately (i.e., the signal is below a predetermined threshold), the user is dynamically reassigned to a different channel. That is, $~ the interference is too strong, by dynamic channel assignment the user is assigned to a different channel.
Interference is minimi2ed by keeping the signals transmitted from and received at the ba~e station at the same power level. The received signals are kept at the same power level by extracting information about the power level of the signals received at the base station and by ~ending pbwer control bits back to the corresponding remote terminal so that the ~ignal level from the remote ~erminal may be adiusted either up or down until the power level o~ each of the signals received at the base station is at the same levelO The transmitted signals are kept at the same power level by adaptive retransmission with time division as described below.
By adaptive retransmission, the base station transmits at the same frequency as it receiveæ, using the complex con~ugates of ~he re~eiving weights~ ~ith time division, a single channel i8 time shared by both directions o transmission by a plurality of users.
With optimum combinillg, durin~ transmission from the ~;~S~4~L~
remote terminals to the base station, the antenna element weights are adjusted to maximize the signal to interference plus noise ratio at the receiver output. During transmission from the base station to the remote terminals, the complex conjugate of the receiving weights are used so that the signals from the base station antennas combine to enhance reception of the signal at the desired remote and to suppress this signal at other remotes. The advantage of optimum combining at both the remote and the base station is realized by using multiple antennas at the base station only.
Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a PBX embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the essential components of a remote terminal;
FIG. 3 shows the essential components of the base station in a block diagram;
FIG. 4 shows details of a receiver;
FIG. 5 shows a timing diagram; and FIG's 6 to 8 show a flow chart for the operation of the base station.
Detailed Description Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a wireless PBX
system comprising L + 1 remote terminals 10, 12, 14, ... .
16 which communicate via a single channel at microwave frequencies with a base station 20. All remote terminals transmit simultaneously, that is, during the same period.
Likewise, all receive simultaneously during a different period. Base station 20 comprises a plurality of M antennas 22, 24, 26, ... , 28. The M antennas increase the capacity of the system. Initially in a PBX system, the number of remotes L + 1 is less than M. The number of remote terminals may grow to be equal to M but may never exceed M.
Up to M simultaneous users may be permitted on a channel, thereby increasing the capacity of the PBX system over a ;.... ! . . : :~ I
J. H~ Winters 1 .
~574 ~lngl~ u~ or channel oystem.
The microwave Gignals received at the ba~e antennas are multiplexed at 30 where ~hey ~re then distributed in parallel to the L ~ 1 receivers 34, 369 3B, ~.. , 40 because each receiver communicates with a particular remote terminal. Although signals from all terminals are received in each receiver, ~he signals from a particular remote terminal are obtaine~ by using optimum combining thereby nulling out the signal~ ~rom the other remote terminals. Finally, the'~ignalsl detected at a receiver are sent on to PBX switch 42.
Signals from PBX 42 trace ~he reverse path through the aforesaid elements.
Information about the power levels of the signals received ~rom a remote terminal are multiplexed into the bit stream prior to transmission from the base stationO The power bits are extracted at the remote terminal where the power level of the signals are adjusted up or down for transmission to the base station~ The power level of the signals are adjusted repeatedly until the signals received at base ~tation 20 are all substantially at the same level. By this method both the capacity is increased and the interference is reduced.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown remote terminal 10 which is typical of the other L remote terminals. In a traditional PBX, terminal 170 is a telephone set. But terminal 170 may also be a ~omputer terminal, a data set or the like. Signals from terminal 170 are modulated at 180. In the preferred embodiment, the data bits from the terminal modulate a carrier to generate a phase ~hift keyed ~PS~) signal, code symbols which are used by the base station to di~tinguish ~ignals from different remotes also modulate a carrier to generate an orthogonal PSR signal, and the two signals are summed. The power level of the modulated 9ignal5 i8 ad~u~ted at 190 ln r~spon~e to pow~r control ~L~574~
bits received from demultiple~er 150. The modulated signals are then transmitted via antenna 110 to base station 20 of FIG. 1.
Signals from base station 20 of FIG. 1 are received via antenna 110, filtered and detected at 140 and then demultiplexed at 150 into two streams: one stream represents data and is sent on to terminal 170, the other represents power control bits and is sent on to power control circuit 190. The power of the signals from modulator 180 is stepped up or down by a predetermined amount depending on whether the power control bit is a 1 or a 0, respectively. By this process the power levels of all the signals received at base station 20 of FIG. 1 from all L + 1 remote terminals are maintained at substantially the same level. THe method of generating the power control bits is described more fully hereinbelow.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an M antenna diversity combining system comprising antenna systems 22, 24 ... 28 at base 20. During any given period, all the transmitters at the base station must transmit and all the remotes must receive simultaneously, for synchronization.
Likewise, all remotes must transmit and all base station receivers must receive simultaneously during the same period.
That is, all the antennas either receive simultaneously or transmit simultaneously under control of PBX switch 42 of FIG. 1. This is illustrated in FIG. 5.
Referring to FIG. 3 again, microwave signals, yl(t)~ are received from the remote terminals at antenna 220 and passed through circulator 222 to quadrature hybrid 240 where the signals are split into their inphase and quadrature components. The inphase components of the signals are mixed at element 260 with a microwave frequency carrier signal which is generated from local oscillator 250 in order to remove the carrier signal; the resultant signals are filtered at 264 and J. H. Wint~rs 1 _ 7 ~ 741~
t~n conv~t~d ~rom ~n~log to aigital in element 266 before being ~ent on via I rail 271 to multiplexor 30~
Likewi~e, signals from local oscillator 250 are mixed at 280 with ~he quadrature components of the re~eived S microwave signals and then filtered at 284 to remove the microwave carrier ~ignal. The filtered signals are then converted from analog to digital form before being ~ent on to multiplexer 30 via the Q rail 291.
These digital signals, along with the I ,rail and the Q rail signals from the remaining M - 1 antennas; are sent via multiplexer 30 in a serial bit struam vin f~n out c~rcui~ 32 in p~rallel to ~very one ~f the receiver units 34, 36 ... 40 for processing and transmission to PBX 42. In the reverse direction, that is when PBX 42 of FIG~ 1 is transmitting to the remote terminals, ~ignals from receivers 34, 36 ... 40 are summed at 3~ for each antenna and demultiplexed at 30;
thereafter, the signals are sent to the ~ppropriate antenna I rail or Q rail. The signal on I rail 271~ for example, is converted from digital to analog at element 262 and the analog signals modulate the microwave $requency c~rrier signal from local oscillator 250.
Likewi~e, the digital signals from Q rail 291 are converted to analog form at element 282~ The ~ignals then modulate the microwave frequency carrier signal from local oscillator 250. The two signals from the I
rail and the Q rail are combined at quadrature hybrid circuit 240 and the output ~ignals therefrom tran~mitted via antenna 220 to the remote terminals.
As.stated hereinabove, the multiplexed stream of bits from I rail 271 and Q rail 291 and the other I
rails and Q rails of the remaining antenna systems 24, ... , 28 cf FIG. 3 i~ distributed in parallel to each of the receivers 34, 36, ..., 40. At receiver 34, which is illustrative of the other receivers and ~hown in FIG. 4, the aforesaid stream is demultiplexed at element 332 into a plur~l~ty og I ~ n~ 0 r911 gtr~am~ XX ~t~ ~nd J. H. Winters 1 - 8 ~ ~ ~ 5 XQ (~)~ resp~tiv~ly~ shown or ~a~8 ln undorst~nding a~
Il' Ql; I2' Q2; I3~ Q3; ~ M~ QM~ These I rail and Q rail bits are sent to a plurality of mixers 334r 336;
338, 340; ...; 34Z, 344 and to weight generation circuit 352. Weighting ~ignals, ~I (t) and W~i(t~ are generated in accordance with optimum combining (in the preferred embodiment, the least mean square (LMS) algorithm, a known process) from weight generatio~
circuit 352 and are sent to the mixers 33q, 336;l3!38, 340; O~ ; 342, 344.
A major difference between wireless terminals in office3 nnd mobile radio i~ the fading rate. In mobile radio the fading rate is about 70 Hz. Thus, the weights must adapt in a fe~ milliseconds and the remote's transmit power cannot be adjusted fast enough with feedback from the base station to follow the fading - in mobile radio, power control is used to adjust the average received power whi~h is averaged over the fading. With wireless terminals, however, the fading rate is much less. For example, at 49 MHz a four mph velocity, such as walking with the remote terminal, produces a 0.29 Hz fading rate. This means, the weights ~an be adapted muc2l more slowly~ making implementation of optimum combining via the LMS algorithm on a chip much easier. Furthermore, becau~e the fading rate i~
less, the dynamic range of the LMS adaptive array is greater. That i~, the receiver can operate with higher interference to desired signal power ratios.
Furthermore, because adaptive power control ~an be used to keep the instantaneous received power at a constant level rather than the average received power, the level of interference at the base station is reduced, ~nd this permits greater interference suppression and more users per channel.
The weighted signals ~re then sent on to ~ignal combiner 346 wh~¢ they ~ro summ2d~to obtnln tha d~sir3d ~19nal~ t), ~o~ ~ pa~lcul~ r~mot~ te~mlnal J. H. winters l 9 1'~5~74~
and null out the ~lgn~l E~om thR other tQrmlnal~ ~he desired signals are sent on to detector 350 for bit detection. The desired signals are also sent to weighting circuit 3520 The detected signal is then sent on to PBX switch 42 of FIG. l. If the signal i5 not above a predetermined threshold, the remote terminal is switched to a different channel. It is assumed that there is a signaling channel to all remotes for call setup, time division (transmit and receive) ~', synchroni~ation, and dynamic channel assignment.l At weight generation circuit 352~ the received signal~ a~ u~d to Dd~u~t the we$ght~ thoroby ~orming the first of two adaptive loops.
Signals to be transmitted from the P8X 42 (of FIG. 1) to the remote terminals are sent to multiplexer 348 where they are multiplexed with the power ~ontrol bits generated ~rom power control circuit 354. The power control bits are used by the remote terminals for controlling the power level of the signals transmitted from the terminals to ~he base station; this form~ the second adaptive loop. The multiplexed ~ignals are then transmitted through power divider 346 to the mixers 334, 336; 338, 340; ... ; 342, 344 where they are weighted to generate the I rail and Q rail signals. The ~ rails carry the inphase signals and the Q rails carry the quadrature signals. The quadrature weights are, however~ opposite in sign so that the transmit ~ntenna pattern is the same as the adapted received antenna pattern. The aforesaid I rail signals and Q rail signals are multiplexed at 332 and sent on to summer 32 of FIG. 3.
Referring to FIG. ~ again, the multiplexed stream of bits from receivers 34, 36, ..0 , 40 ~re summed at 32 and sent on to demultiplexer 30 where the 35 stream i~ once again demultiplexed into the I rail signals and the Q rail ~ignals for each of the M
antenna6.
v . H . wi nters ~2574~
~ ba~e ~ation h~ M antenna~ which permitB up to M communication paths over a single channel. Each additional channel requires the replication of ~he circuitry shown in FIG's. 3 and 4 with the po~sible exception of the antennas. That is, the M antennas may be shared by all channels.
The optimum combiner .-an be described mathematically using complex notation~ Let the weight vector w is given by j WIl WQl w ~ WIM ~ i wQM ~........................ ~1) where the bar over a letter denotes a complex vector ~or number in FIG ' s. 6, 7, and 8) and the received signal vector x is qiven by XIl XQl x , xI~ ~ i xQM ....(2) The received signal consists of the desired signal, thermal noise, and interference and, therefore, can be expressed as x ~ ~d + Xn ~ ~ xj '---~3) where xd~ xn, and Xj are the received desired ~ignal, noise, and jth interfering signal vectors~ re~pectively, and L i~ the number of interfering signals~ .
Furthermore, let sd(t) and ~(t) be the de~ired an~ jth interfering signals as they are transmitted, J. H. Winters 1 57~
respectively, with E¦s~(t~ o~4) and E¦s~t)¦ ~ 1 for l<j<L .... ~3 Then x can be expre~sed as UdSdtt) ~ Xn + ~ ujsj(tl , ,~ 6) where ud and u; are the desired and jth interfering signal propagation vectors, respec~ively.
The re~eived interference-plus-noise correlation matrix is given by ~nn ~ E~ n ~ n j~
where the superscripts * and T denote conjugate and transpose, respectively.
Assuming the noise and interfering signals are uncorrelated, it can be shown 8) ~=
where ~ is the noise power and, I is the identity matrix.
Finally, the equation for the weights that maximize the output SINR is w ~ d Rnn Ud , (9) where ~ is a constant, which does not affect th~
performance o~ the optimum combiner, and the ~uperscript -1 denotes the inverse of the matrixa The output SINR
is given by J. ~1. Winters 1 - 12 - ~5~4~
S/N ~ r=~r ~= . ~.(107 ~ w S~ .
where f denotes the complex conjugate transpose.
In the preferred embodiment, the functions of the elements in FIG. 4 are performed by a microcomputer.
The following flow charts shown in FIGs. 6, 7 and 8 aid in understanding the operation of the base Qtation.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 6, box 1 show,s.that the base station receiver is initialized by settilng the transmitted bit number, 1, to 1 and the received bit number, n, to 0. The weights are set arbitrarily for an initial omnidirectional antenna pattern for the first antenna with all the other antennas turned off. The bar over the symbols denotes a complex number. The memory in the receiver is then cleared.
~he received bit number is incremented for the start of the receiving loop. This is shown in box 2, by making n s n + 1.
The received signals are inputted and the weiqhted signals are calculated. This is shown in box 3. XI corresponds to Ii and XQ corresponds to Qi.
~ he next step is ~hown in box 4 where the array output s comprising the sum of the weighted signals is calculated.
In box 5, the output bit An is processed at detector 350 in accordance with the following deci~ion rule:
if Re (s ~nT)) > 0 then a 0 is received;
if Re (s (n~ 0 then a 1 is received for detection of a phase shift key (PSK~ signal, where Re ~s) denotes the real part of the complex number 5-Referring to box 6, the detected bit An issent to PBX 92 of FIG. 1.
Referring to box 7, the code symbol c i5 next inputted It is assumed that the code symbol~ ~t the base ~tation receivers are ~ynchronized with those in J. H. wint~rs 1 - 13 - ~ ~57~
the received signal~.
~ he reference qignal R is calc~lated ~rom the code 5ym~01s and the array outpu~, where k is the memory of the digital fil~er in ~he reference signal generation loop. This i~ shown in box 8 in FIG. 7.
Referring next to box 9 the error signal e is calculated from the array output and reference signal.
~ he weights for the next received siqnal are calculated for each antenna, where the super~crip~ ~
denotes the complex conj~gate, and ~ is a constalt which controls the adapta~ion time ~f the receiver. Thi~ is shown in box 10.
The aforesaid receiving lo~p is repeated; that is, the next bit is received and processed, unless P~X
42 requests change to the transmitting mode (that is, for adaptive retransmission). This is shown in box 11.
For dynamic ~hannel assignment~ if the received signal level is below threshold Tl a request is sent to PBX 42 for the remote terminal to change to a different ~hannel~ This is shown in box 12.
The power control b$t is 5et to 1 for remote terminals to increase the transmit power if the sum of weights is above a threshold T2 or to 0 for remotes to decrease transmit power. This is shown in box 13.
The transmit signal input to the array ST is 1 if the transmitted bit i~ a 0 and -1 if the bit i6 a 1.
This is ~hown in box 14.
Box 15 in FIG. 8 shows that for each ant~enna the transmitted signal is ~alculated using the complex conjugate of the received weights, where Im (s) denotes the imaginary part of the complex number s~
Referring next to boxes 16 and 17 the transmitted bit number i& incremented, the next ~it is inputted, and the transmitting loop is repeated unless PBX 42 requests a chan~e to the receive modeO
Claims (9)
1. A wireless system for communication between a base station and a plurality of terminals at locations remote from said base station, said system comprising in combination means, including plural antennas for adaptive signal processing at said base station for interference suppression and separation of desired signals, means for adaptive power control at transmitters located at said terminals for reducing interference to acceptable levels, and means for adaptive retransmission with time division in the direction from said base station to said terminals for communications therebetween and for sending power control information to said terminals.
2. The wireless system of claim 1 wherein said means for adaptive power control comprises means for generating power control bits which are multiplexed into the data bits transmitted from said base station to said terminals for adjusting the power level of the signals transmitted from said terminals so that the power levels of the signals received at the base station are substantially the same.
3. The wireless system of claim 1 wherein said base station comprises means for comparing the power level of the signals received thereat with a threshold level so that if a signal level is below said threshold the signals from the corresponding terminal may be reassigned dynamically to a different channel.
4. A base station for use in a wireless system for communications between said base station and a plurality of terminals at locations remote from said base station comprising means, including plural antennas for adaptive signal processing for interference suppression and separation of desired signals, means for generating power control bits for permitting adaptive power control at transmitters located at said terminals so that the power levels of the signals received at said base station are substantially at the same levels for reducing interference to acceptable levels, and means for adaptive retransmission from said base station to said terminals for base station to remote communications and for sending power control information to said terminals.
5. The base station of claim 4 further comprising means for comparing the power level of the signals received thereat with a threshold level so that if a signal level is below said threshold the signals from the corresponding terminal may be reassigned dynamically to a different channel.
6. In a wireless system comprising a base station and a plurality of terminals at locations remote from said base station, a method for users communication between said base station and said plurality of terminals comprising the steps of processing signals received from said terminals at said base station which has plural antennas by the method of adaptive signal processing for interference suppression and separation of desired signals, and communicating between said base station and said remote terminals by the method of adaptive retransmission in the direction from said base station and said remote terminals and for sending power control information to said terminals.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said adaptive power control step comprises the further step of generating power control bits which are multiplexed into the data bits transmitted from said base station to said terminals for adjusting the power level of the signals transmitted from said terminals so that the power levels of the signals received at the base station are substantially the same.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the step of reducing interference in said signals received at said remote terminals to acceptable levels using the method of adaptive power control.
9. The method of claim 6 comprising the further step of comparing the power level of the signals received at said base station with a threshold level so that if a signal level is below said threshold the signals from the corresponding terminal may be reassigned dynamically to a different channel.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/679,067 US4639914A (en) | 1984-12-06 | 1984-12-06 | Wireless PBX/LAN system with optimum combining |
| US679,067 | 1984-12-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1257416A true CA1257416A (en) | 1989-07-11 |
Family
ID=24725447
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000496464A Expired CA1257416A (en) | 1984-12-06 | 1985-11-28 | Wireless pbx/lan system with optimum combining |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4639914A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0184383B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS61139135A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR940004963B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU559922B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1257416A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3584078D1 (en) |
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-
1984
- 1984-12-06 US US06/679,067 patent/US4639914A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1985
- 1985-11-28 CA CA000496464A patent/CA1257416A/en not_active Expired
- 1985-11-28 EP EP85308645A patent/EP0184383B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-11-28 DE DE8585308645T patent/DE3584078D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-12-05 AU AU50790/85A patent/AU559922B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1985-12-05 KR KR1019850009140A patent/KR940004963B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-12-06 JP JP60273594A patent/JPS61139135A/en active Granted
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|---|---|
| DE3584078D1 (en) | 1991-10-17 |
| JPS61139135A (en) | 1986-06-26 |
| US4639914A (en) | 1987-01-27 |
| AU559922B2 (en) | 1987-03-26 |
| JPH0460379B2 (en) | 1992-09-25 |
| EP0184383A2 (en) | 1986-06-11 |
| KR860005502A (en) | 1986-07-23 |
| KR940004963B1 (en) | 1994-06-07 |
| EP0184383B1 (en) | 1991-09-11 |
| EP0184383A3 (en) | 1988-01-07 |
| AU5079085A (en) | 1986-06-12 |
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