US20050146464A1 - Location system with calibration monitoring - Google Patents
Location system with calibration monitoring Download PDFInfo
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- US20050146464A1 US20050146464A1 US10/750,111 US75011103A US2005146464A1 US 20050146464 A1 US20050146464 A1 US 20050146464A1 US 75011103 A US75011103 A US 75011103A US 2005146464 A1 US2005146464 A1 US 2005146464A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
- G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
- G01S1/022—Means for monitoring or calibrating
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
- G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
- G01S1/68—Marker, boundary, call-sign, or like beacons transmitting signals not carrying directional information
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to systems for locating items.
- the invention relates to systems for locating items based on radio signals transmitted to or from transreceivers provided on the items.
- Such location systems require calibration of the radio characteristics of the area to be serviced. This can be performed by an initial radio survey of the area where a transmitter or receiver is placed at known locations in the area, and the signal characteristics for that location are determined.
- a location database is generated by extrapolating or interpolating the measured locations to unmeasured locations to enable location of an item at an unknown location to be determined using signal characteristics.
- the present invention is used in a radio signal based object location system wherein location devices are provided on articles for use in locating the articles, and wherein a database is maintained relating characteristics of radio signal transmissions between the location devices and fixed devices to locations within an area.
- a method for maintaining the database to reflect propagation conditions Location devices are provided at fixed positions within the area. Data representing radio signal transmission characteristics between the fixed position location devices and the fixed devices is recorded. Transmissions between the fixed position location devices and the fixed devices are monitored to determine changes in the characteristics of radio signal transmissions from the recorded data.
- the location devices provided on items and at fixed positions may be RFID tags or WLAN transmitters or transreceivers, such as IEEE Standard 802.11 transreceivers.
- IEEE Standard 802.11 transmitters the fixed position location devices need only transmit a fixed signal, such as a transmitter identification signal.
- the database may be corrected to reflect signal characteristic changes.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a system in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an access point having RFID readers useful in connection with the practice of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 there is shown a system 10 for practicing the method of the present invention.
- the system is useful in industrial, medical or educational facilities, and the like, for locating items, such as equipment, packages and even portable telephones carried by people.
- the system includes a computer 12 which is connected over a wired network 14 to a plurality of access points 16 - 1 to 16 - 6 by which wireless data communications with mobile units can be conducted. Access points may also be connected to the network 14 by wireless connection, such as by communicating with a wire connected access point or other radio device The access points are collectively referred to by reference numeral 16 .
- the system of FIG. 1 also includes provisions for locating mobile units, such as mobile unit 30 , and other devices such as location device 26 on package 22 .
- Location can be provided using a data communications network, such as an 802.11 network as described in the referenced articles.
- the location may be determined for example by measuring the signal strength for transmissions between a mobile unit and a plurality of access points and comparing the measured signal strength to a database 18 relating signal strength to location.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an access point configuration 40 , described in the incorporated co-pending application Serial Number [Symbol Docket 1425].
- the access point supports IEEE Standard 802.11 communications using an 802.11 system 42 , which is interfaced to computer 12 using wired network 14 .
- Access point 40 further supports location of RFID tags, which may be placed on items to be located, such as transmitter 26 .
- Access point 40 includes an RFID interrogator 46 which is connected by switch 48 to a plurality of distributed antennas 50 - 1 through 50 - 4 .
- An RFID tag to be located can be interrogated using the distributed antennas from one or more access points 40 to locate the tag.
- the signal characteristics of the facility are calibrated, for example, by moving a location device to known positions within the facility and recording the radio signal characteristics of signals sent to or received from the locating device by the access points 16 of the system.
- These signal characteristics for known locations are used to create a location database 18 , which is subsequently used to locate location devices at unknown locations by comparing the signal characteristics for signals to or from the devices to the signal characteristics recorded in database 18 for known locations determined in the calibration survey.
- additional location devices 34 at fixed locations, such as attached to a wall 36 .
- These additional location devices are similar to other location devices, according to the location system being used. For example, if location is determined based on signals from RFID tags, the fixed location devices 34 would be RFID tags. Where location is determined based on WLAN transmissions, the fixed location devices 34 would be corresponding WLAN transmitters or transceivers. Where location is determined using signals sent from location devices to access points, the fixed location devices 34 can be transmitted, and would not require the functionality to conduct WLAN data communications as would a mobile unit 30 . In that case the fixed location devices would merely transmit an identifying fixed message from which the access points 16 of the system could identify the unit and measure its signal characteristics.
- the fixed location devices 34 include transceivers which receive signals from fixed devices, such as access points 16 , such as access point beacon signals, determine the signal characteristics of the received signals, such as using the RSSI function of IEEE Standard 802.11 receivers, and send a message to an associated access point 16 with data representing the measured signal characteristics.
- the system 10 records in data base 20 the transmission characteristics of the fixed location devices and their known locations, for example, at the time the system is installed or at the time the fixed position devices 34 are installed. Thereafter the signal characteristics for the fixed position devices 34 are periodically determined and compared to the fixed device data 20 stored by computer 12 . If the signal characteristics have changed from the calibration values, the system is alerted that the radio environment has changed.
- a change in the radio environment can be of either a temporary or permanent nature.
- a truck may be located in the facility and create a change in the environment of a temporary nature, as may a temporarily positioned pallet of goods.
- a wall may have been installed in the facility that creates a permanent change in the radio environment. Accordingly, it is appropriate not to initiate changes to the location database 18 until it is evident that a change is of a permanent nature.
- One way to correct the location database for changed conditions is to delay any changes for a period of time, such as four or five days and implement changes to the location calibration data only after the change has persisted for a period that represents a permanent change.
- Another way is to implement calibration changes to the location database 18 in a gradual manner, such as by making a 10% correction in the calibration data each 24 hour period. In this manner, the change is gradually implemented and corrects itself if the change in environment is removed.
- the original characteristic data for a fixed location device is maintained in the fixed device data, so that if the signal characteristics return to their original values, the original calibration can be restored.
- Another approach is for the computer 12 to generate a message to the system operator alerting the operator of a change in the radio environment.
- the system operator can then instruct the system to ignore a temporary change or to re-calibrate to the current environment.
- the system operator can undertake a new calibration of the surrounding area where a significant permanent structural change has occurred.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to systems for locating items. In particular the invention relates to systems for locating items based on radio signals transmitted to or from transreceivers provided on the items.
- The use of mobile data communications systems to perform location functions for locating mobile units is described in articles entitled Enhancements to the User Location and Tracking System, by Paramvir Bahl and Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and User Location and Tracking in an In-Building Radio Network, Microsoft Technical Report MSR-TR-99-12, dated February 1999, by the same authors, both published by Microsoft Research. As described therein signal strength of signals of the wireless data communications system, such as a system using the protocol of IEEE Standard 802.11, are used for locating mobile units within an area serviced by the system. Other techniques for locating mobile units using the wireless data communications systems or other location system are possible.
- In co-pending application Ser. No. 09/528,697, filed Mar. 17, 2000, which is owned by the assignee of the present application and incorporated herein by reference, there is described a system which follows the protocol of IEEE Standard 802.11, but which uses a combination of RF Ports and Cell Controllers to perform the functions of Access Points of a classical 802.11 data communications system. Lower level MAC functions are performed by the RF Ports and higher level MAC functions, including association and roaming functions, are performed by the cell controller. The term “access point” as used herein is intended to include conventional access points, such as those which follow the protocol of IEEE Standard 802.11 and perform all MAC functions, as well as RF Ports operating with cell controllers, as described in the incorporated co-pending application.
- In co-pending application Serial Number [Symbol Docket 1425], which is owned by the assignee of this application, and the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference, there is described a system wherein objects are located using RFID tags applied to the items, which are interrogated by RFID readers associated with access points of an IEEE Standard 802.11 system for locating the items.
- Such location systems require calibration of the radio characteristics of the area to be serviced. This can be performed by an initial radio survey of the area where a transmitter or receiver is placed at known locations in the area, and the signal characteristics for that location are determined. A location database is generated by extrapolating or interpolating the measured locations to unmeasured locations to enable location of an item at an unknown location to be determined using signal characteristics.
- Industrial facilities, hospitals, universities, and the like, are rarely static, and frequent changes in the location of equipment, on a temporary or permanent basis, can change the radio signal characteristics by introducing blockage and multipath conditions. Frequently walls are erected or removed also changing the signal environment.
- It is an object of the present invention to provide a system and method for determining changed signal conditions in a radio based location system.
- The present invention is used in a radio signal based object location system wherein location devices are provided on articles for use in locating the articles, and wherein a database is maintained relating characteristics of radio signal transmissions between the location devices and fixed devices to locations within an area. In accordance with the invention there is provided a method for maintaining the database to reflect propagation conditions. Location devices are provided at fixed positions within the area. Data representing radio signal transmission characteristics between the fixed position location devices and the fixed devices is recorded. Transmissions between the fixed position location devices and the fixed devices are monitored to determine changes in the characteristics of radio signal transmissions from the recorded data.
- The location devices provided on items and at fixed positions may be RFID tags or WLAN transmitters or transreceivers, such as IEEE Standard 802.11 transreceivers. In the case of IEEE Standard 802.11 transmitters the fixed position location devices need only transmit a fixed signal, such as a transmitter identification signal. When it is determined that radio signal characteristics for signals between the fixed position location devices and the fixed devices have changed, the database may be corrected to reflect signal characteristic changes.
- For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects thereof, reference is made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a system in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an access point having RFID readers useful in connection with the practice of the present invention. - Referring to
FIG. 1 there is shown asystem 10 for practicing the method of the present invention. The system is useful in industrial, medical or educational facilities, and the like, for locating items, such as equipment, packages and even portable telephones carried by people. The system includes acomputer 12 which is connected over awired network 14 to a plurality of access points 16-1 to 16-6 by which wireless data communications with mobile units can be conducted. Access points may also be connected to thenetwork 14 by wireless connection, such as by communicating with a wire connected access point or other radio device The access points are collectively referred to by reference numeral 16. In addition to providing mobile data communications, the system ofFIG. 1 also includes provisions for locating mobile units, such asmobile unit 30, and other devices such aslocation device 26 onpackage 22. Location can be provided using a data communications network, such as an 802.11 network as described in the referenced articles. The location may be determined for example by measuring the signal strength for transmissions between a mobile unit and a plurality of access points and comparing the measured signal strength to adatabase 18 relating signal strength to location. - In the referenced co-pending application Serial Number [Symbol Docket 14251] there is described a system for locating items by providing RFID tags on the items and interrogating the RFID tags using fixed location RFID interrogators. Such systems may be used for locating items in connection with the method of the present invention. For example a
package 22 orportable device 30, or both, may include anRFID tag 26, which can be located by fixed RFID interrogators, as described in the co-pending application. -
FIG. 2 illustrates anaccess point configuration 40, described in the incorporated co-pending application Serial Number [Symbol Docket 1425]. The access point supports IEEE Standard 802.11 communications using an 802.11 system 42, which is interfaced tocomputer 12 usingwired network 14.Access point 40 further supports location of RFID tags, which may be placed on items to be located, such astransmitter 26.Access point 40 includes anRFID interrogator 46 which is connected byswitch 48 to a plurality of distributed antennas 50-1 through 50-4. An RFID tag to be located can be interrogated using the distributed antennas from one ormore access points 40 to locate the tag. - When such location systems are initially installed, the signal characteristics of the facility are calibrated, for example, by moving a location device to known positions within the facility and recording the radio signal characteristics of signals sent to or received from the locating device by the access points 16 of the system. These signal characteristics for known locations are used to create a
location database 18, which is subsequently used to locate location devices at unknown locations by comparing the signal characteristics for signals to or from the devices to the signal characteristics recorded indatabase 18 for known locations determined in the calibration survey. - In accordance with the invention there are provided
additional location devices 34 at fixed locations, such as attached to awall 36. These additional location devices are similar to other location devices, according to the location system being used. For example, if location is determined based on signals from RFID tags, thefixed location devices 34 would be RFID tags. Where location is determined based on WLAN transmissions, thefixed location devices 34 would be corresponding WLAN transmitters or transceivers. Where location is determined using signals sent from location devices to access points, thefixed location devices 34 can be transmitted, and would not require the functionality to conduct WLAN data communications as would amobile unit 30. In that case the fixed location devices would merely transmit an identifying fixed message from which the access points 16 of the system could identify the unit and measure its signal characteristics. - Alternately in a WLAN configuration location, of a device can be determined on the basis of signals received by the location device from the access points, and possibly other transmitters at fixed locations that are provided only for the location function. In this case, the
fixed location devices 34 include transceivers which receive signals from fixed devices, such as access points 16, such as access point beacon signals, determine the signal characteristics of the received signals, such as using the RSSI function of IEEE Standard 802.11 receivers, and send a message to an associated access point 16 with data representing the measured signal characteristics. - The
system 10 records indata base 20 the transmission characteristics of the fixed location devices and their known locations, for example, at the time the system is installed or at the time thefixed position devices 34 are installed. Thereafter the signal characteristics for thefixed position devices 34 are periodically determined and compared to thefixed device data 20 stored bycomputer 12. If the signal characteristics have changed from the calibration values, the system is alerted that the radio environment has changed. - A change in the radio environment can be of either a temporary or permanent nature. For example, a truck may be located in the facility and create a change in the environment of a temporary nature, as may a temporarily positioned pallet of goods. On the other hand, a wall may have been installed in the facility that creates a permanent change in the radio environment. Accordingly, it is appropriate not to initiate changes to the
location database 18 until it is evident that a change is of a permanent nature. - One way to correct the location database for changed conditions, is to delay any changes for a period of time, such as four or five days and implement changes to the location calibration data only after the change has persisted for a period that represents a permanent change. Another way is to implement calibration changes to the
location database 18 in a gradual manner, such as by making a 10% correction in the calibration data each 24 hour period. In this manner, the change is gradually implemented and corrects itself if the change in environment is removed. Advantageously, the original characteristic data for a fixed location device is maintained in the fixed device data, so that if the signal characteristics return to their original values, the original calibration can be restored. - Another approach is for the
computer 12 to generate a message to the system operator alerting the operator of a change in the radio environment. The system operator can then instruct the system to ignore a temporary change or to re-calibrate to the current environment. Alternately the system operator can undertake a new calibration of the surrounding area where a significant permanent structural change has occurred. - While there have been described what are believed to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the true scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (4)
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US10/750,111 US6909399B1 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2003-12-31 | Location system with calibration monitoring |
AT04816047T ATE534919T1 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2004-12-30 | LOCALIZATION SYSTEM WITH CALIBRATION MONITORING |
PCT/US2004/044068 WO2005066655A1 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2004-12-30 | Location system with calibration monitoring |
EP04816047A EP1700135B1 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2004-12-30 | Location system with calibration monitoring |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US10/750,111 US6909399B1 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2003-12-31 | Location system with calibration monitoring |
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US20050146464A1 true US20050146464A1 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
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EP1700135A4 (en) | 2007-04-04 |
WO2005066655A1 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
ATE534919T1 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
US6909399B1 (en) | 2005-06-21 |
EP1700135B1 (en) | 2011-11-23 |
EP1700135A1 (en) | 2006-09-13 |
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