US20070110977A1 - Methods for processing multifunctional, radiation tolerant nanotube-polymer structure composites - Google Patents
Methods for processing multifunctional, radiation tolerant nanotube-polymer structure composites Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20070110977A1 US20070110977A1 US11/467,745 US46774506A US2007110977A1 US 20070110977 A1 US20070110977 A1 US 20070110977A1 US 46774506 A US46774506 A US 46774506A US 2007110977 A1 US2007110977 A1 US 2007110977A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- nanotubes
- composite material
- mixture
- carbon nanotubes
- hardener
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0492—Layered armour containing hard elements, e.g. plates, spheres, rods, separated from each other, the elements being connected to a further flexible layer or being embedded in a plastics or an elastomer matrix
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/58—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising fillers only, e.g. particles, powder, beads, flakes, spheres
- B29C70/62—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising fillers only, e.g. particles, powder, beads, flakes, spheres the filler being oriented during moulding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/16—Fillers
- B29K2105/165—Hollow fillers, e.g. microballoons or expanded particles
- B29K2105/167—Nanotubes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to composite materials and, more particularly, to composite materials with magnetically oriented nanotubes in a polymer matrix.
- Organic materials such as polymers offer an attractive route for a wide variety of applications, such as armor devices, photovoltaic devices, light emitting diodes (LEDs), or infrared screening devices, due to their advantages of lightweight (i.e. mass-effective), low cost, ease of fabrication, and flexibility.
- polymers used as protective armor materials against low-level of threats e.g., NIJ level III or lower
- NIJ level III or lower offer the distinctive advantage of lower density over materials such as metals or ceramics.
- polymers are commonly reinforced with either organic or ceramic fibers/whiskers, and are used in conjunction with harder metals and ceramics when they are used in protective systems against higher level of threats, such as NIJ Level IV or higher.
- KevlarTM a type of polymeric synthetic fiber from DuPont Company (Wilmington, Del.)
- graphite fiber in a polyurethane and urea matrix to provide sufficient protection.
- polymers may be used as infrared screening films since conventional armor materials such as metal alloy brass are highly toxic. However, problems arise due to the low electrical conductivity for most polymers.
- Carbon nanotubes possess exceptional mechanical properties and superior electric and thermal properties and can be used as reinforcement fibers for structural composites.
- a cast composite film consisting of polystyrene and randomly oriented carbon nanotubes (5% volume fraction) has been shown to increase the specific modulus by 100% and the strength of the polystyrene by 25%.
- carbon nanotube reinforcement can increase the toughness of the composite by absorbing energy because of its high elastic behavior during loading.
- carbon nanotubes are environmental friendly compared with materials such as brass in conventional infrared screening devices.
- the present teachings include a composite material with magnetically oriented nanotubes.
- a composite material with magnetically oriented nanotubes.
- a plurality of nanotubes are distributed in one of a resin and a hardener to form a first mixture.
- a second mixture is then formed by combining the other of the resin and the hardener with the first mixture.
- the second mixture is then degassed and cured under a magnetic field of about 15 Tesla or more to orient the nanatubes.
- the present teachings further include a composite material including a polymer matrix with distributed nanotubes.
- the polymer matrix includes at least one of thermosetting polymers or thermoplastic polymers.
- the nanotubes are magnetically aligned during formation of the polymeric matrix.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary method for making a composite material in accordance with the present teachings.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for an exemplary magnetically aligned composite material 200 in accordance with the present teachings.
- FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary armor device 300 providing protection from projectile threats in accordance with the present teachings.
- FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary method for resisting ionizing radiations with composite armor material in accordance with the present teachings.
- Embodiments provide a composite material including oriented nanotubes and a method for making the composite material.
- the composite material may be formed by distributing a plurality of nanotubes in a polymer matrix.
- the nanotubes may be further magnetically oriented during curing of the polymeric matrix.
- the composite material may provide enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, and effective radiation resistance against high-energy ionizing radiation particles and/or electromagnetic interferences.
- the composite material can be useful for many applications including, but not limited to, armors for vehicles, aircrafts and personnel protection, with high ballistic properties, and efficient dissipation of radiation energies, photovoltaic devices with improved polymer solar cell efficiency, improved LEDs with controllable optical properties, and infrared screening devices with increased extinction coefficient.
- nanotube refers to any cylindrical shaped material (including organic or inorganic material) with a diameter of about 100 nanometers or less.
- nanotubes also refers to single wall nanotubes, multiwall nanotubes, and their various functionalized and derivatized fibril forms, which include nanofibers.
- the nanofibers can be fibrils with diameters of 100 nm or less in at least one form of thread, yarn, fabrics, etc.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary method for forming a composite material in accordance with the present teachings. It should be readily obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art that the method depicted in FIG. 1 represents a generalized schematic illustration and that other steps may be added or existing steps may be removed or modified.
- a plurality of nanotubes may be provided.
- the provided nanotubes may be carbon nanotubes, which may include but are not limited to single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNs) or multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
- the SWCNs may be armchair type nanotubes (n,n).
- the nanotubes may be obtained in low and high purity dried paper forms or may be purchased in various solutions.
- the nanotubes may also be available in the as-processed, unpurified condition, which may carry with them numerous unwanted impurities that may affect composite properties.
- the plurality of nanotubes may be provided from a purification process, which utilizes ultrasonically assisted filtrations.
- the ultrasonic energy source may be, for example, a high-intensity ultrasonic processor.
- the nanotubes can be ultrasonically suspended in a first solvent, such as, toluene, and then filtered to extract the soluble fullerenes leaving an insoluble fraction.
- the insoluble fraction may then be ultrasonically re-suspended in a second solvent, such as a methanol, and transferred in a filtration funnel configured with a filter membrane.
- a pressure differential of, for example, about 50 Torr, may be applied across the filter membrane.
- the filter membrane may be, for example, a polycarbonate track-etched filter membrane with a pore size of about 0.8 ⁇ m.
- the obtained nanotubes may then be washed with a third solvent, such as a sulfuric acid with an exemplary concentration of 6 M, to remove traces of metal such as titanium introduced into the sample from the ultrasonic horn.
- a plurality of nanotubes can be distributed in a resin.
- Distributing nanotubes in a resin may further include first dispersing nanotubes in a solvent, such as an ethanol, and then ultrasonically mixing nanotube-ethanol, for example, at about 10% amplitude for about 90 seconds using the high-intensity ultrasonic processor.
- the resin may also be ultrasonically mixed with ethanol at about 10% amplitude for about 90 seconds.
- the nanotubes/ethanol mixture may then be combined with the resin/ethanol mixture and ultrasonically mixed at about 50% amplitude for about 90 seconds. This process may promote the distribution of nanotubes over the surface of the resin molecules and prevent nanotube clustering.
- the exemplary embodiment described herein utilizes a polymer matrix formed of DERAKANE 411-350 epoxy vinyl ester resin manufactured by Ashland Inc. (Covington, Ky.).
- a designated weight fraction of purified nanotubes such as, for example, 35% or less by weight, may be dispersed in a hardener part of an epoxy by first dispersing the plurality of nanotubes in a solvent such as ethanol in an ultrasonic bath at room temperature for about one hour. Then the ethanol-based nanotube solution may be mixed with the hardener and the mixture may be stirred for at least one hour at about 2000 rpm or more. During this stirring process, the nanotube-hardener mixture may be kept at room temperature to maintain a low viscosity using a silicon oil bath for example.
- the solvent ethanol may be removed by evaporation where the mixtures may be placed in a vacuum oven at about 60° C. or more for at least one hour.
- a resin part of the epoxy may then be added to the nanotube-hardener mixture to form a composite mixture with a desired resin/hardener ratio, such as 4:1 by weight.
- the epoxy may include, but are not limited to, one or more of aeropoxy, thixotropic epoxy, Derakane-441, or other type of epoxy.
- the composite mixture may be stirred at about 2000 rpm or more for at least 5 minutes.
- the composite mixture may be degassed moderately until no gas bubbles can be seen.
- the degassed mixture may then be loaded into molds of a desired shape which may result in a variety of 3-D structures for the nanotube-polymer composite, such as, for example, a sheet, a fiber, a cylinder, a foam or other 3-D structure.
- the molds may be sealed for a subsequent magnetic process.
- the degassed composite mixture may be formulated as a film or coated on various substrates and then be loaded for a subsequent magnetic process.
- the composite mixture may be cured at room temperature with a low viscosity under a high magnetic field, such as 15 Tesla or more for at least 2 hours. Then, still under the high magnetic field, the curing temperature may be increased up to about 60° C. or more for also at least 2 hours.
- the polymer may be annealed and the nanotubes may be oriented in the polymer matrix (i.e. the curing mixture of the resin and the hardener of the epoxy in this example) due to the cooperative effect of the magnetic torque exerted by the magnetic field directly on the nanotubes and by hydrodynamic torque and viscous shear (i.e. drag forces) exerted on the nanotubes by the polymer chains.
- the magnetic field may be penetrable and its direction and strength may be controllable. Accordingly, the alignment of the nanotubes may be controlled for desired orientation(s) depending on specific applications. More specifically, the alignment profile may be specially designed for desired enhanced properties of the composite material, such as enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, or efficient radiation resistance.
- the magnetic field may then be removed and the composite mixture may remain cured at about 60° C. or more for at least 2 hours to fully cure the polymer matrix, i.e., the resin and the hardener of the epoxy in this example.
- the polymer matrix i.e., the resin and the hardener of the epoxy in this example.
- other polymers may be also used for the polymer matrix including but not limited to thermosetting polymers and thermoplastic polymers.
- boron carbide particles, silicon carbide particles, or other similar hard materials may be incorporated into the polymer matrix for the composite material.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary magnetically oriented composite material 200 including a plurality of nanotubes 210 and polymer fibrils 220 formed in accordance with the present teachings.
- Arrow 230 indicates a direction of the applied magnetic field.
- the exemplary magnetically oriented composite material 200 depicted in FIG. 2 represents a generalized schematic illustration and that more nanotubes or polymer fibrils may be added or existing nanotubes or polymer fibrils may be removed or modified.
- the plurality of nanotubes 210 can be oriented in a direction parallel to the magnetic field indicated by the arrow 230 .
- the nanotubes 210 may be magnetically oriented single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNs).
- the nanotubes 210 may be locally oriented, for example, through a mechanical stretching, or a pressing through a die or electric field.
- the composite material 200 with locally oriented nanotubes may provide specially-varying mechanical properties for specific applications, such as, for example, a composite tube with strong exterior and soft interior.
- the polymer fibrils 220 may be uniform along the direction of the magnetic field indicated by the arrow 230 .
- a magnetic field is applied during the formation of the polymer, such as, for example, during the curing of a liquid epoxy, the polymer molecules may also be annealed (e.g., aligned) along the direction of the applied magnetic field and taking fibril shape.
- the polymer fibrils 210 may be magnetically aligned epoxy fibrils in accordance with various embodiments.
- the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may provide enhanced mechanical and electrical properties.
- the enhanced mechanical properties may be demonstrated by a specific strength and a specific modulus.
- the specific strength (or modulus) may be determined by a material strength (or modulus) divided by its density (e.g;, weight per unit volume).
- the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may provide a specific strength of such as about 20 GPa ⁇ cm 2 /g to about 50 GPa ⁇ cm 2 /g and a specific modulus of such as about 100 GPa ⁇ cm 2 /g to about 200 GPa ⁇ cm 2 /g.
- the enhanced electrical properties for the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may be demonstrated by the electrical conductivity, such as, for example, an electrical conductivity of about 10 6 s ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 or higher. Because of this enhanced electrical conductivity, the magnetically oriented nanotube-polymer composite material 200 may be used for, for example, improved polymer-based light emitting diodes (LEDs), especially when the polymer used is a photo-active polymer. Compared with conventional LEDs, the nonotube-polymer based composite material may be able to increase photoluminescence/electro-luminescence yield, which may provide a means to alter the optical properties of the polymer to tune the color or emission for organic light emitting devices.
- LEDs light emitting diodes
- One more example for using the enhanced electrical conductivity of the magnetically oriented nanotube-polymer composite material 200 may be for infrared screening devices.
- the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may be used as an environmental friendly alternative to screen infrared radiations compared to highly toxic materials that is conventionally in use such as brass. More importantly, the enhanced electrical conductivity of the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may increase the extinction coefficient for infrared screening.
- the magnetically oriented composite material 200 with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties may be used for ballistic resistant material such as armor devices, that may be as effective as steel against projectiles—at considerably lower weight.
- FIG. 3 shows an illustration for an armor device 300 that may provide protection from possible projectile threats in an application of such as a ground combat vehicle. It should be readily obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art that the armor device 300 depicted in FIG. 3 represents a generalized schematic illustration and that other layers may be added or existing layers may be removed or modified.
- the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may be configured as armor interior 350 .
- the armor interior 350 may be overlaid by a layer 352 of metal, such as aluminum, then a layer 354 of ceramic, such as alumina (i.e., aluminum oxide), and then a layer 356 of metal, such as steel.
- the layer 352 , 354 , and 356 may be configured as an armor cover over the armor interior 350 .
- the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may undergo a scale up fabrication process to meet specific applications. Accordingly, the resulting armor interior 350 may be at least one form of films, sheets, fibers, cylinders, foams, coatings or pastes.
- the nanotubes may be magnetically oriented in certain directions with a high anisotropy due to its one-dimensional structure. Such magnetic orientation of nanotubes (including nanofibers) may be controlled to confer specific properties to the armor interior 350 . For example, by rearranging the orientations of nanotubes, superior mechanical and physical properties may be tailored to the armor interior 350 .
- the oriented nanotubes in the armor interior 350 may be aligned co-axially with the line of fire to provide shear load transfer in the frontal impact layer. In other embodiments, the oriented nanotubes in the armor interior 350 may be aligned orthogonally to the line of fire to provide tensile load support in the structural baking layer.
- the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may further be used as a shielding material and provide effective radiation resistance against high-energy ionizing radiation particles and/or electromagnetic interferences in applications such as armor devices.
- FIG. 4 depicts a method for resisting radiation including a radiation source 410 and an armor device 420 .
- the armor device 420 may include a composite armor material 430 enclosed in an armor enclosure 440 formed with materials, such as aluminum.
- the composite armor material 430 may include the magnetically oriented composite material 200 .
- the radiation source 410 may provide ionizing particles, electromagnetic interferences, or a combination of various radiations.
- the ionizing particles may include alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays or x rays, cosmic ray or solar flares.
- the radiation source 410 may provide radiations with high energy, such as, for example, an ionizing particle with a proton beam for a radiation energy of 15 MeV (i.e. megaelectron volts) or higher.
- the radiation source 410 may provide a proton beam with high intensities, such as, ranging from the direct level of 109 beam particles per second to 10 beam particles per second. Such high energy radiation may be far more intense than would be expected in a real environment, such as in space.
- the armor device 420 may be exposed to the radiation source 410 to measure the radiation resistance of the composite armor material 430 .
- the radiation resistance may be demonstrated by a shielding effectiveness (or attenuation fraction) that may be measured.
- the shielding effectiveness (or attenuation fraction) may be measured in terms of the number of high-energy particles in the beam before and after the proton beam hits the shielding material, i.e. the magnetically oriented composite armor material 430 .
- the shielding effectiveness or attenuation fraction for the composite armor material 430 may be, for example, about 0.60 or higher.
- the composite armor material 430 may include magnetically aligned nanotubes with high aspect ratio for providing enhanced transport properties for effective electromagnetic interference shielding for electronics, which in some cases may also need to be guarded against impact damages.
- armor devices such as, for example, the armor device 300 in FIG. 3 or the armor device 420 in FIG. 4 , may be incorporated within vehicles, aircrafts or personnel armors to provide lightweight protection against ballistic threats, enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, and radiation protection against high-energy ionizing particles and/or electromagnetic interferences.
- the magnetically oriented composite material 200 may also provide electronic properties based on morphological modification or electronic interaction between the two components, such as, for example, ⁇ -conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes.
- the combination of carbon nanotubes with ⁇ -conjugated polymers may form an electronic conjugation which may enable the polymers to be used as an active material for photovoltaic devices, such as a photovoltaic cell.
- the controlled magnetic processing of carbon nanotubes with ⁇ -conjugated polymers may improve the exciton dissociation and carrier transport of the system and thus resulting in an improved polymer solar cell efficiency.
Abstract
Description
- This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Ser. No. 60/711,678, filed Aug. 29, 2005, and Ser. No. 60/726,652, filed Oct. 17, 2005, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- This invention relates generally to composite materials and, more particularly, to composite materials with magnetically oriented nanotubes in a polymer matrix.
- Organic materials such as polymers offer an attractive route for a wide variety of applications, such as armor devices, photovoltaic devices, light emitting diodes (LEDs), or infrared screening devices, due to their advantages of lightweight (i.e. mass-effective), low cost, ease of fabrication, and flexibility. For example, polymers used as protective armor materials against low-level of threats (e.g., NIJ level III or lower) offer the distinctive advantage of lower density over materials such as metals or ceramics. However, because of their relatively low strength and hardness, polymers are commonly reinforced with either organic or ceramic fibers/whiskers, and are used in conjunction with harder metals and ceramics when they are used in protective systems against higher level of threats, such as NIJ Level IV or higher. An example is standard body armor where a ceramic armor plate is combined with Kevlar™ (a type of polymeric synthetic fiber from DuPont Company (Wilmington, Del.)) and graphite fiber in a polyurethane and urea matrix to provide sufficient protection. In another example, polymers may be used as infrared screening films since conventional armor materials such as metal alloy brass are highly toxic. However, problems arise due to the low electrical conductivity for most polymers.
- Carbon nanotubes possess exceptional mechanical properties and superior electric and thermal properties and can be used as reinforcement fibers for structural composites. For example, a cast composite film consisting of polystyrene and randomly oriented carbon nanotubes (5% volume fraction) has been shown to increase the specific modulus by 100% and the strength of the polystyrene by 25%. In addition, carbon nanotube reinforcement can increase the toughness of the composite by absorbing energy because of its high elastic behavior during loading. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes are environmental friendly compared with materials such as brass in conventional infrared screening devices.
- Therefore, it is desirable to combine carbon nanotubes with polymers to provide distinctive properties. Limitations arise, however, because utilizing the unique properties of carbon nanotubes depends on the spatial control and dispersion of individual nanotubes in the polymer matrix, and on the interaction between the polymer and the nanotubes, such as, the ability to transfer load from the matrix to the nanotubes.
- Thus, there is a need to overcome these and other problems of the prior art and to provide a controlled processing of nanotubes with polymer matrix forming a composite material with oriented nanotubes.
- According to various embodiments, the present teachings include a composite material with magnetically oriented nanotubes. To form the composite material, a plurality of nanotubes are distributed in one of a resin and a hardener to form a first mixture. A second mixture is then formed by combining the other of the resin and the hardener with the first mixture. The second mixture is then degassed and cured under a magnetic field of about 15 Tesla or more to orient the nanatubes.
- According to various embodiments, the present teachings further include a composite material including a polymer matrix with distributed nanotubes. The polymer matrix includes at least one of thermosetting polymers or thermoplastic polymers. The nanotubes are magnetically aligned during formation of the polymeric matrix.
- Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
- It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
- The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary method for making a composite material in accordance with the present teachings. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for an exemplary magnetically alignedcomposite material 200 in accordance with the present teachings. -
FIG. 3 depicts anexemplary armor device 300 providing protection from projectile threats in accordance with the present teachings. -
FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary method for resisting ionizing radiations with composite armor material in accordance with the present teachings. - Embodiments provide a composite material including oriented nanotubes and a method for making the composite material. The composite material may be formed by distributing a plurality of nanotubes in a polymer matrix. The nanotubes may be further magnetically oriented during curing of the polymeric matrix. The composite material may provide enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, and effective radiation resistance against high-energy ionizing radiation particles and/or electromagnetic interferences. The composite material can be useful for many applications including, but not limited to, armors for vehicles, aircrafts and personnel protection, with high ballistic properties, and efficient dissipation of radiation energies, photovoltaic devices with improved polymer solar cell efficiency, improved LEDs with controllable optical properties, and infrared screening devices with increased extinction coefficient.
- Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
- In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part thereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. The following description is, therefore, merely exemplary.
- Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations; the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “less than 10” can include any and all sub-ranges between (and including) the minimum value of zero and the maximum value of 10, that is, any and all sub-ranges having a minimum value of equal to or greater than zero and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10, e.g., 1 to 5.
- As used herein, the term “nanotube” refers to any cylindrical shaped material (including organic or inorganic material) with a diameter of about 100 nanometers or less. The term “nanotubes” also refers to single wall nanotubes, multiwall nanotubes, and their various functionalized and derivatized fibril forms, which include nanofibers. The nanofibers can be fibrils with diameters of 100 nm or less in at least one form of thread, yarn, fabrics, etc.
-
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary method for forming a composite material in accordance with the present teachings. It should be readily obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art that the method depicted inFIG. 1 represents a generalized schematic illustration and that other steps may be added or existing steps may be removed or modified. - As shown in
FIG. 1 , at 110, a plurality of nanotubes may be provided. In various embodiments, the provided nanotubes may be carbon nanotubes, which may include but are not limited to single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNs) or multi-wall carbon nanotubes. In some embodiments, the SWCNs may be armchair type nanotubes (n,n). - In various embodiments, the nanotubes may be obtained in low and high purity dried paper forms or may be purchased in various solutions. The nanotubes may also be available in the as-processed, unpurified condition, which may carry with them numerous unwanted impurities that may affect composite properties. Accordingly, at 110, the plurality of nanotubes may be provided from a purification process, which utilizes ultrasonically assisted filtrations. The ultrasonic energy source may be, for example, a high-intensity ultrasonic processor. In the purification process, for example, the nanotubes can be ultrasonically suspended in a first solvent, such as, toluene, and then filtered to extract the soluble fullerenes leaving an insoluble fraction. The insoluble fraction may then be ultrasonically re-suspended in a second solvent, such as a methanol, and transferred in a filtration funnel configured with a filter membrane. A pressure differential of, for example, about 50 Torr, may be applied across the filter membrane. The filter membrane may be, for example, a polycarbonate track-etched filter membrane with a pore size of about 0.8 μm. The obtained nanotubes may then be washed with a third solvent, such as a sulfuric acid with an exemplary concentration of 6 M, to remove traces of metal such as titanium introduced into the sample from the ultrasonic horn.
- At 120 of
FIG. 1 , a plurality of nanotubes can be distributed in a resin. Distributing nanotubes in a resin may further include first dispersing nanotubes in a solvent, such as an ethanol, and then ultrasonically mixing nanotube-ethanol, for example, at about 10% amplitude for about 90 seconds using the high-intensity ultrasonic processor. Meanwhile, the resin may also be ultrasonically mixed with ethanol at about 10% amplitude for about 90 seconds. The nanotubes/ethanol mixture may then be combined with the resin/ethanol mixture and ultrasonically mixed at about 50% amplitude for about 90 seconds. This process may promote the distribution of nanotubes over the surface of the resin molecules and prevent nanotube clustering. The exemplary embodiment described herein utilizes a polymer matrix formed of DERAKANE 411-350 epoxy vinyl ester resin manufactured by Ashland Inc. (Covington, Ky.). - Still at 120 of
FIG. 1 , to form the composite material, a designated weight fraction of purified nanotubes, such as, for example, 35% or less by weight, may be dispersed in a hardener part of an epoxy by first dispersing the plurality of nanotubes in a solvent such as ethanol in an ultrasonic bath at room temperature for about one hour. Then the ethanol-based nanotube solution may be mixed with the hardener and the mixture may be stirred for at least one hour at about 2000 rpm or more. During this stirring process, the nanotube-hardener mixture may be kept at room temperature to maintain a low viscosity using a silicon oil bath for example. In various embodiments, the solvent ethanol may be removed by evaporation where the mixtures may be placed in a vacuum oven at about 60° C. or more for at least one hour. - At 130 of
FIG. 1 , a resin part of the epoxy may then be added to the nanotube-hardener mixture to form a composite mixture with a desired resin/hardener ratio, such as 4:1 by weight. The epoxy may include, but are not limited to, one or more of aeropoxy, thixotropic epoxy, Derakane-441, or other type of epoxy. The composite mixture may be stirred at about 2000 rpm or more for at least 5 minutes. - At 140 of
FIG. 1 , the composite mixture may be degassed moderately until no gas bubbles can be seen. The degassed mixture may then be loaded into molds of a desired shape which may result in a variety of 3-D structures for the nanotube-polymer composite, such as, for example, a sheet, a fiber, a cylinder, a foam or other 3-D structure. The molds may be sealed for a subsequent magnetic process. In various embodiments, the degassed composite mixture may be formulated as a film or coated on various substrates and then be loaded for a subsequent magnetic process. - At 150 of
FIG. 1 , the composite mixture may be cured at room temperature with a low viscosity under a high magnetic field, such as 15 Tesla or more for at least 2 hours. Then, still under the high magnetic field, the curing temperature may be increased up to about 60° C. or more for also at least 2 hours. During the magnetic process, the polymer may be annealed and the nanotubes may be oriented in the polymer matrix (i.e. the curing mixture of the resin and the hardener of the epoxy in this example) due to the cooperative effect of the magnetic torque exerted by the magnetic field directly on the nanotubes and by hydrodynamic torque and viscous shear (i.e. drag forces) exerted on the nanotubes by the polymer chains. In addition, the magnetic field may be penetrable and its direction and strength may be controllable. Accordingly, the alignment of the nanotubes may be controlled for desired orientation(s) depending on specific applications. More specifically, the alignment profile may be specially designed for desired enhanced properties of the composite material, such as enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, or efficient radiation resistance. - Turning to 150 of
FIG.1 , the magnetic field may then be removed and the composite mixture may remain cured at about 60° C. or more for at least 2 hours to fully cure the polymer matrix, i.e., the resin and the hardener of the epoxy in this example. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other polymers may be also used for the polymer matrix including but not limited to thermosetting polymers and thermoplastic polymers. In various embodiments, boron carbide particles, silicon carbide particles, or other similar hard materials may be incorporated into the polymer matrix for the composite material. -
FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary magnetically orientedcomposite material 200 including a plurality ofnanotubes 210 andpolymer fibrils 220 formed in accordance with the present teachings.Arrow 230 indicates a direction of the applied magnetic field. It should be readily obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art that the exemplary magnetically orientedcomposite material 200 depicted inFIG. 2 represents a generalized schematic illustration and that more nanotubes or polymer fibrils may be added or existing nanotubes or polymer fibrils may be removed or modified. - As shown in
FIG. 2 , the plurality ofnanotubes 210 can be oriented in a direction parallel to the magnetic field indicated by thearrow 230. In some embodiments, thenanotubes 210 may be magnetically oriented single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNs). In other embodiments, thenanotubes 210 may be locally oriented, for example, through a mechanical stretching, or a pressing through a die or electric field. As a result, thecomposite material 200 with locally oriented nanotubes may provide specially-varying mechanical properties for specific applications, such as, for example, a composite tube with strong exterior and soft interior. - The
polymer fibrils 220 may be uniform along the direction of the magnetic field indicated by thearrow 230. When a magnetic field is applied during the formation of the polymer, such as, for example, during the curing of a liquid epoxy, the polymer molecules may also be annealed (e.g., aligned) along the direction of the applied magnetic field and taking fibril shape. Accordingly, thepolymer fibrils 210 may be magnetically aligned epoxy fibrils in accordance with various embodiments. - In various embodiments, the magnetically oriented
composite material 200 may provide enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. The enhanced mechanical properties may be demonstrated by a specific strength and a specific modulus. The specific strength (or modulus) may be determined by a material strength (or modulus) divided by its density (e.g;, weight per unit volume). For example, the magnetically orientedcomposite material 200 may provide a specific strength of such as about 20 GPa·cm2/g to about 50 GPa·cm2/g and a specific modulus of such as about 100 GPa·cm2/g to about 200 GPa·cm2/g. - The enhanced electrical properties for the magnetically oriented
composite material 200 may be demonstrated by the electrical conductivity, such as, for example, an electrical conductivity of about 106 s·cm−1 or higher. Because of this enhanced electrical conductivity, the magnetically oriented nanotube-polymer composite material 200 may be used for, for example, improved polymer-based light emitting diodes (LEDs), especially when the polymer used is a photo-active polymer. Compared with conventional LEDs, the nonotube-polymer based composite material may be able to increase photoluminescence/electro-luminescence yield, which may provide a means to alter the optical properties of the polymer to tune the color or emission for organic light emitting devices. One more example for using the enhanced electrical conductivity of the magnetically oriented nanotube-polymer composite material 200 may be for infrared screening devices. The magnetically orientedcomposite material 200 may be used as an environmental friendly alternative to screen infrared radiations compared to highly toxic materials that is conventionally in use such as brass. More importantly, the enhanced electrical conductivity of the magnetically orientedcomposite material 200 may increase the extinction coefficient for infrared screening. - Accordingly, the magnetically oriented
composite material 200 with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties may be used for ballistic resistant material such as armor devices, that may be as effective as steel against projectiles—at considerably lower weight.FIG. 3 shows an illustration for anarmor device 300 that may provide protection from possible projectile threats in an application of such as a ground combat vehicle. It should be readily obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art that thearmor device 300 depicted inFIG. 3 represents a generalized schematic illustration and that other layers may be added or existing layers may be removed or modified. - In the
armor device 300, the magnetically orientedcomposite material 200 may be configured asarmor interior 350. Thearmor interior 350 may be overlaid by alayer 352 of metal, such as aluminum, then alayer 354 of ceramic, such as alumina (i.e., aluminum oxide), and then alayer 356 of metal, such as steel. Thelayer armor interior 350. - To form the
armor interior 350, the magnetically orientedcomposite material 200 may undergo a scale up fabrication process to meet specific applications. Accordingly, the resultingarmor interior 350 may be at least one form of films, sheets, fibers, cylinders, foams, coatings or pastes. - As used for the
armor interior 350, the nanotubes may be magnetically oriented in certain directions with a high anisotropy due to its one-dimensional structure. Such magnetic orientation of nanotubes (including nanofibers) may be controlled to confer specific properties to thearmor interior 350. For example, by rearranging the orientations of nanotubes, superior mechanical and physical properties may be tailored to thearmor interior 350. In some embodiments, the oriented nanotubes in thearmor interior 350 may be aligned co-axially with the line of fire to provide shear load transfer in the frontal impact layer. In other embodiments, the oriented nanotubes in thearmor interior 350 may be aligned orthogonally to the line of fire to provide tensile load support in the structural baking layer. - In various embodiments, the magnetically oriented
composite material 200 may further be used as a shielding material and provide effective radiation resistance against high-energy ionizing radiation particles and/or electromagnetic interferences in applications such as armor devices. -
FIG. 4 depicts a method for resisting radiation including aradiation source 410 and anarmor device 420. Thearmor device 420 may include acomposite armor material 430 enclosed in anarmor enclosure 440 formed with materials, such as aluminum. Thecomposite armor material 430 may include the magnetically orientedcomposite material 200. - The
radiation source 410 may provide ionizing particles, electromagnetic interferences, or a combination of various radiations. The ionizing particles may include alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays or x rays, cosmic ray or solar flares. To measure the radiation resistance, theradiation source 410 may provide radiations with high energy, such as, for example, an ionizing particle with a proton beam for a radiation energy of 15 MeV (i.e. megaelectron volts) or higher. Alternatively, theradiation source 410 may provide a proton beam with high intensities, such as, ranging from the direct level of 109 beam particles per second to 10 beam particles per second. Such high energy radiation may be far more intense than would be expected in a real environment, such as in space. - The
armor device 420 may be exposed to theradiation source 410 to measure the radiation resistance of thecomposite armor material 430. The radiation resistance may be demonstrated by a shielding effectiveness (or attenuation fraction) that may be measured. For example, when using a high-energy proton beam asradiation source 410, the shielding effectiveness (or attenuation fraction) may be measured in terms of the number of high-energy particles in the beam before and after the proton beam hits the shielding material, i.e. the magnetically orientedcomposite armor material 430. The shielding effectiveness or attenuation fraction for thecomposite armor material 430 may be, for example, about 0.60 or higher. In some embodiments, thecomposite armor material 430 may include magnetically aligned nanotubes with high aspect ratio for providing enhanced transport properties for effective electromagnetic interference shielding for electronics, which in some cases may also need to be guarded against impact damages. - Generally, armor devices, such as, for example, the
armor device 300 inFIG. 3 or thearmor device 420 inFIG. 4 , may be incorporated within vehicles, aircrafts or personnel armors to provide lightweight protection against ballistic threats, enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, and radiation protection against high-energy ionizing particles and/or electromagnetic interferences. - In various embodiments, the magnetically oriented
composite material 200 may also provide electronic properties based on morphological modification or electronic interaction between the two components, such as, for example, π-conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes. In particular, the combination of carbon nanotubes with π-conjugated polymers may form an electronic conjugation which may enable the polymers to be used as an active material for photovoltaic devices, such as a photovoltaic cell. The controlled magnetic processing of carbon nanotubes with π-conjugated polymers may improve the exciton dissociation and carrier transport of the system and thus resulting in an improved polymer solar cell efficiency. - Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/467,745 US20070110977A1 (en) | 2005-08-29 | 2006-08-28 | Methods for processing multifunctional, radiation tolerant nanotube-polymer structure composites |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US71167805P | 2005-08-29 | 2005-08-29 | |
US72665205P | 2005-10-17 | 2005-10-17 | |
US11/467,745 US20070110977A1 (en) | 2005-08-29 | 2006-08-28 | Methods for processing multifunctional, radiation tolerant nanotube-polymer structure composites |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20070110977A1 true US20070110977A1 (en) | 2007-05-17 |
Family
ID=38041186
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/467,745 Abandoned US20070110977A1 (en) | 2005-08-29 | 2006-08-28 | Methods for processing multifunctional, radiation tolerant nanotube-polymer structure composites |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070110977A1 (en) |
Cited By (43)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080093577A1 (en) * | 2006-06-21 | 2008-04-24 | Khraishi Tariq A | Metal-carbon nanotube composites for enhanced thermal conductivity for demanding or critical applications |
US20090081383A1 (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-03-26 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Carbon Nanotube Infused Composites via Plasma Processing |
US20090081441A1 (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-03-26 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Fiber Tow Comprising Carbon-Nanotube-Infused Fibers |
US20100047549A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-02-25 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Ballistic Material with Enhanced Polymer Matrix and Method for Production Thereof |
US20100221424A1 (en) * | 2009-02-27 | 2010-09-02 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Low temperature cnt growth using gas-preheat method |
US20100276072A1 (en) * | 2007-01-03 | 2010-11-04 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | CNT-Infused Fiber and Method Therefor |
US20110124483A1 (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2011-05-26 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Ceramic composite materials containing carbon nanotube-infused fiber materials and methods for production thereof |
US20110180133A1 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2011-07-28 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Enhanced Silicon-TCO Interface in Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells Using Nickel Nanowires |
US8325079B2 (en) | 2009-04-24 | 2012-12-04 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-based signature control material |
US20130248087A1 (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2013-09-26 | Arkema France | Process for producing fibrous material pre-impregnated with thermosetting polymer |
US8545963B2 (en) | 2009-12-14 | 2013-10-01 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Flame-resistant composite materials and articles containing carbon nanotube-infused fiber materials |
US8585934B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2013-11-19 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Composites comprising carbon nanotubes on fiber |
US8601965B2 (en) | 2009-11-23 | 2013-12-10 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-tailored composite sea-based structures |
US20130345323A1 (en) * | 2009-08-04 | 2013-12-26 | Research & Business Foundation Sungkyunkwan University | Dispersing method of carbon nanotube, dispersing apparatus of carbon nanotube, and carbon nanotube dispersion obtained thereby |
US8665581B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 | 2014-03-04 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Spiral wound electrical devices containing carbon nanotube-infused electrode materials and methods and apparatuses for production thereof |
US8664573B2 (en) | 2009-04-27 | 2014-03-04 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-based resistive heating for deicing composite structures |
US8780526B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 | 2014-07-15 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Electrical devices containing carbon nanotube-infused fibers and methods for production thereof |
US8787001B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 | 2014-07-22 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Electrical devices containing carbon nanotube-infused fibers and methods for production thereof |
US8784937B2 (en) | 2010-09-14 | 2014-07-22 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Glass substrates having carbon nanotubes grown thereon and methods for production thereof |
US8815341B2 (en) | 2010-09-22 | 2014-08-26 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Carbon fiber substrates having carbon nanotubes grown thereon and processes for production thereof |
US20140316034A1 (en) * | 2013-04-20 | 2014-10-23 | Chemical Physics Technologies Ltd | Method for preparing an epoxy based coating composition |
US8951631B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2015-02-10 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused metal fiber materials and process therefor |
US8951632B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2015-02-10 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused carbon fiber materials and process therefor |
US8969225B2 (en) | 2009-08-03 | 2015-03-03 | Applied Nano Structured Soultions, LLC | Incorporation of nanoparticles in composite fibers |
US8999453B2 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2015-04-07 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Carbon nanotube-infused fiber materials containing parallel-aligned carbon nanotubes, methods for production thereof, and composite materials derived therefrom |
US9005755B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2015-04-14 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNS-infused carbon nanomaterials and process therefor |
US9017854B2 (en) | 2010-08-30 | 2015-04-28 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Structural energy storage assemblies and methods for production thereof |
US9085464B2 (en) | 2012-03-07 | 2015-07-21 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Resistance measurement system and method of using the same |
US9111658B2 (en) | 2009-04-24 | 2015-08-18 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNS-shielded wires |
US9163354B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2015-10-20 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused fiber as a self shielding wire for enhanced power transmission line |
US9167736B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2015-10-20 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused fiber as a self shielding wire for enhanced power transmission line |
CN106716574A (en) * | 2014-06-06 | 2017-05-24 | 东北大学 | Additive manufacturing of discontinuous fiber composites using magnetic fields |
US10138128B2 (en) | 2009-03-03 | 2018-11-27 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | System and method for surface treatment and barrier coating of fibers for in situ CNT growth |
US10139201B2 (en) | 2014-02-02 | 2018-11-27 | Imi Systems Ltd. | Pre-stressed curved ceramic plates/tiles and method of producing same |
WO2019036462A1 (en) * | 2017-08-14 | 2019-02-21 | Stone Steven F | Multi-functional protective assemblies, systems including protective assemblies, and related methods |
US10400117B1 (en) | 2016-01-14 | 2019-09-03 | University Of South Florida | Ionizing radiation resistant coatings |
CN110391340A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | The preparation method of polymer solar battery |
CN110391333A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | Polymer solar battery |
CN110391334A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | Polymer solar battery |
CN110391339A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | The preparation method of polymer solar battery |
CN110391335A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | Polymer solar battery |
CN110391341A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | The preparation method of polymer solar battery |
WO2020117749A1 (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2020-06-11 | Forta Corporation | Radiation-treated fibers, methods of treating and applications for use |
Citations (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3388086A (en) * | 1965-06-01 | 1968-06-11 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Epoxy resins from a hardwood tar and an epihalohydrin |
US4136357A (en) * | 1977-10-03 | 1979-01-23 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Integrated circuit package with optical input coupler |
US4962163A (en) * | 1989-01-17 | 1990-10-09 | The Dow Chemical Company | Vinyl ester resins containing mesogenic/rigid rodlike moieties |
US5187237A (en) * | 1990-09-24 | 1993-02-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Cross-linked epoxy resins with non-linear optical properties |
US5771489A (en) * | 1996-11-12 | 1998-06-30 | Titan Corporation | Penetration-resistant hinge and flexible armor incorporating same |
US6250984B1 (en) * | 1999-01-25 | 2001-06-26 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | Article comprising enhanced nanotube emitter structure and process for fabricating article |
US20020085968A1 (en) * | 1997-03-07 | 2002-07-04 | William Marsh Rice University | Method for producing self-assembled objects comprising single-wall carbon nanotubes and compositions thereof |
US20030170166A1 (en) * | 2001-07-06 | 2003-09-11 | William Marsh Rice University | Fibers of aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes and process for making the same |
US20040224163A1 (en) * | 2003-05-07 | 2004-11-11 | Polymatech Co., Ltd. | Thermally-conductive epoxy resin molded article and method of producing the same |
US20050087726A1 (en) * | 2003-10-28 | 2005-04-28 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Composite and method of manufacturing the same |
US20050181209A1 (en) * | 1999-08-20 | 2005-08-18 | Karandikar Prashant G. | Nanotube-containing composite bodies, and methods for making same |
US20050211930A1 (en) * | 1998-12-07 | 2005-09-29 | Meridian Research And Development | Radiation detectable and protective articles |
US20060047052A1 (en) * | 1999-12-07 | 2006-03-02 | Barrera Enrique V | Oriented nanofibers embedded in polymer matrix |
US20070134496A1 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2007-06-14 | Sumitomo Precision Products Co., Ltd. | Carbon nanotube-dispersed composite material, method for producing same and article same is applied to |
US20070190348A1 (en) * | 2004-10-21 | 2007-08-16 | Kouichi Ichiki | Composite metal article and production method thereof |
-
2006
- 2006-08-28 US US11/467,745 patent/US20070110977A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3388086A (en) * | 1965-06-01 | 1968-06-11 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Epoxy resins from a hardwood tar and an epihalohydrin |
US4136357A (en) * | 1977-10-03 | 1979-01-23 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Integrated circuit package with optical input coupler |
US4962163A (en) * | 1989-01-17 | 1990-10-09 | The Dow Chemical Company | Vinyl ester resins containing mesogenic/rigid rodlike moieties |
US5187237A (en) * | 1990-09-24 | 1993-02-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Cross-linked epoxy resins with non-linear optical properties |
US5771489A (en) * | 1996-11-12 | 1998-06-30 | Titan Corporation | Penetration-resistant hinge and flexible armor incorporating same |
US20020085968A1 (en) * | 1997-03-07 | 2002-07-04 | William Marsh Rice University | Method for producing self-assembled objects comprising single-wall carbon nanotubes and compositions thereof |
US20050211930A1 (en) * | 1998-12-07 | 2005-09-29 | Meridian Research And Development | Radiation detectable and protective articles |
US6250984B1 (en) * | 1999-01-25 | 2001-06-26 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | Article comprising enhanced nanotube emitter structure and process for fabricating article |
US20050181209A1 (en) * | 1999-08-20 | 2005-08-18 | Karandikar Prashant G. | Nanotube-containing composite bodies, and methods for making same |
US20060047052A1 (en) * | 1999-12-07 | 2006-03-02 | Barrera Enrique V | Oriented nanofibers embedded in polymer matrix |
US20030170166A1 (en) * | 2001-07-06 | 2003-09-11 | William Marsh Rice University | Fibers of aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes and process for making the same |
US20040224163A1 (en) * | 2003-05-07 | 2004-11-11 | Polymatech Co., Ltd. | Thermally-conductive epoxy resin molded article and method of producing the same |
US20050087726A1 (en) * | 2003-10-28 | 2005-04-28 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Composite and method of manufacturing the same |
US20070134496A1 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2007-06-14 | Sumitomo Precision Products Co., Ltd. | Carbon nanotube-dispersed composite material, method for producing same and article same is applied to |
US20070190348A1 (en) * | 2004-10-21 | 2007-08-16 | Kouichi Ichiki | Composite metal article and production method thereof |
Cited By (63)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7998367B2 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2011-08-16 | Stc.Unm | Metal-carbon nanotube composites for enhanced thermal conductivity for demanding or critical applications |
US20080093577A1 (en) * | 2006-06-21 | 2008-04-24 | Khraishi Tariq A | Metal-carbon nanotube composites for enhanced thermal conductivity for demanding or critical applications |
US9574300B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2017-02-21 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused carbon fiber materials and process therefor |
US8951632B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2015-02-10 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused carbon fiber materials and process therefor |
US20100276072A1 (en) * | 2007-01-03 | 2010-11-04 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | CNT-Infused Fiber and Method Therefor |
US8158217B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2012-04-17 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused fiber and method therefor |
US8951631B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2015-02-10 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused metal fiber materials and process therefor |
US9005755B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2015-04-14 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNS-infused carbon nanomaterials and process therefor |
US9573812B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2017-02-21 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused metal fiber materials and process therefor |
US20090081383A1 (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-03-26 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Carbon Nanotube Infused Composites via Plasma Processing |
US20090081441A1 (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-03-26 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Fiber Tow Comprising Carbon-Nanotube-Infused Fibers |
US20100047549A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-02-25 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Ballistic Material with Enhanced Polymer Matrix and Method for Production Thereof |
US20110180133A1 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2011-07-28 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Enhanced Silicon-TCO Interface in Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells Using Nickel Nanowires |
US8585934B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 | 2013-11-19 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Composites comprising carbon nanotubes on fiber |
US8580342B2 (en) | 2009-02-27 | 2013-11-12 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Low temperature CNT growth using gas-preheat method |
US20100221424A1 (en) * | 2009-02-27 | 2010-09-02 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Low temperature cnt growth using gas-preheat method |
US10138128B2 (en) | 2009-03-03 | 2018-11-27 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | System and method for surface treatment and barrier coating of fibers for in situ CNT growth |
US9241433B2 (en) | 2009-04-24 | 2016-01-19 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused EMI shielding composite and coating |
US9111658B2 (en) | 2009-04-24 | 2015-08-18 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNS-shielded wires |
US8325079B2 (en) | 2009-04-24 | 2012-12-04 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-based signature control material |
US8664573B2 (en) | 2009-04-27 | 2014-03-04 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-based resistive heating for deicing composite structures |
US8969225B2 (en) | 2009-08-03 | 2015-03-03 | Applied Nano Structured Soultions, LLC | Incorporation of nanoparticles in composite fibers |
US10087078B2 (en) * | 2009-08-04 | 2018-10-02 | Research & Business Foundation Sungkyunkwan University | Dispersing method of carbon nanotube, dispersing apparatus of carbon nanotube, and carbon nanotube dispersion obtained thereby |
US20130345323A1 (en) * | 2009-08-04 | 2013-12-26 | Research & Business Foundation Sungkyunkwan University | Dispersing method of carbon nanotube, dispersing apparatus of carbon nanotube, and carbon nanotube dispersion obtained thereby |
US8662449B2 (en) | 2009-11-23 | 2014-03-04 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-tailored composite air-based structures |
US8168291B2 (en) | 2009-11-23 | 2012-05-01 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Ceramic composite materials containing carbon nanotube-infused fiber materials and methods for production thereof |
US20110124483A1 (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2011-05-26 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Ceramic composite materials containing carbon nanotube-infused fiber materials and methods for production thereof |
US8601965B2 (en) | 2009-11-23 | 2013-12-10 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-tailored composite sea-based structures |
US8545963B2 (en) | 2009-12-14 | 2013-10-01 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Flame-resistant composite materials and articles containing carbon nanotube-infused fiber materials |
US9163354B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2015-10-20 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused fiber as a self shielding wire for enhanced power transmission line |
US9167736B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2015-10-20 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | CNT-infused fiber as a self shielding wire for enhanced power transmission line |
US8999453B2 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2015-04-07 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Carbon nanotube-infused fiber materials containing parallel-aligned carbon nanotubes, methods for production thereof, and composite materials derived therefrom |
US8787001B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 | 2014-07-22 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Electrical devices containing carbon nanotube-infused fibers and methods for production thereof |
US8665581B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 | 2014-03-04 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Spiral wound electrical devices containing carbon nanotube-infused electrode materials and methods and apparatuses for production thereof |
US8780526B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 | 2014-07-15 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Electrical devices containing carbon nanotube-infused fibers and methods for production thereof |
US9907174B2 (en) | 2010-08-30 | 2018-02-27 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Structural energy storage assemblies and methods for production thereof |
US9017854B2 (en) | 2010-08-30 | 2015-04-28 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Structural energy storage assemblies and methods for production thereof |
US8784937B2 (en) | 2010-09-14 | 2014-07-22 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Glass substrates having carbon nanotubes grown thereon and methods for production thereof |
US8815341B2 (en) | 2010-09-22 | 2014-08-26 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Carbon fiber substrates having carbon nanotubes grown thereon and processes for production thereof |
US20130248087A1 (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2013-09-26 | Arkema France | Process for producing fibrous material pre-impregnated with thermosetting polymer |
US9085464B2 (en) | 2012-03-07 | 2015-07-21 | Applied Nanostructured Solutions, Llc | Resistance measurement system and method of using the same |
JP2014210908A (en) * | 2013-04-20 | 2014-11-13 | キング・アブドゥルアジズ・シティ・フォー・サイエンス・アンド・テクノロジー(ケイ・エイ・シィ・エス・ティ)King Abdulaziz City For Scienceand Technology (Kacst) | Method for preparing epoxy-based coating composition |
US20140316034A1 (en) * | 2013-04-20 | 2014-10-23 | Chemical Physics Technologies Ltd | Method for preparing an epoxy based coating composition |
US10563961B2 (en) | 2014-02-02 | 2020-02-18 | Imi Systems Ltd. | Pre-stressed curved ceramic plates/tiles and method of producing same |
US10139201B2 (en) | 2014-02-02 | 2018-11-27 | Imi Systems Ltd. | Pre-stressed curved ceramic plates/tiles and method of producing same |
CN106716574A (en) * | 2014-06-06 | 2017-05-24 | 东北大学 | Additive manufacturing of discontinuous fiber composites using magnetic fields |
EP3152772A4 (en) * | 2014-06-06 | 2018-01-03 | Northeastern University | Additive manufacturing of discontinuous fiber composites using magnetic fields |
US10703052B2 (en) | 2014-06-06 | 2020-07-07 | Northeastern University | Additive manufacturing of discontinuous fiber composites using magnetic fields |
US10400117B1 (en) | 2016-01-14 | 2019-09-03 | University Of South Florida | Ionizing radiation resistant coatings |
WO2019036462A1 (en) * | 2017-08-14 | 2019-02-21 | Stone Steven F | Multi-functional protective assemblies, systems including protective assemblies, and related methods |
US11077627B2 (en) | 2017-08-14 | 2021-08-03 | Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation | Multi-functional protective assemblies, systems including protective assemblies, and related methods |
CN110391340A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | The preparation method of polymer solar battery |
CN110391335A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | Polymer solar battery |
CN110391341A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | The preparation method of polymer solar battery |
CN110391339A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | The preparation method of polymer solar battery |
CN110391334A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | Polymer solar battery |
TWI700843B (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2020-08-01 | 鴻海精密工業股份有限公司 | Polymer solar cell |
CN110391333A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2019-10-29 | 清华大学 | Polymer solar battery |
US11251387B2 (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2022-02-15 | Tsinghua University | Polymer solar cell |
US11653508B2 (en) | 2018-04-16 | 2023-05-16 | Tsinghua University | Polymer solar cell |
WO2020117749A1 (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2020-06-11 | Forta Corporation | Radiation-treated fibers, methods of treating and applications for use |
US11492292B2 (en) | 2018-12-03 | 2022-11-08 | Forta, Llc | Radiation-treated fibers, methods of treating and applications for use |
US11851372B2 (en) | 2018-12-03 | 2023-12-26 | Forta, Llc | Radiation-treated fibers, methods of treating and applications for use |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20070110977A1 (en) | Methods for processing multifunctional, radiation tolerant nanotube-polymer structure composites | |
Benzait et al. | A review of recent research on materials used in polymer–matrix composites for body armor application | |
Kausar et al. | Review of applications of polymer/carbon nanotubes and epoxy/CNT composites | |
Pande et al. | Mechanical and electrical properties of multiwall carbon nanotube/polycarbonate composites for electrostatic discharge and electromagnetic interference shielding applications | |
Clifton et al. | Polymer nanocomposites for high-velocity impact applications-A review | |
Kablov et al. | Prospects of using carbonaceous nanoparticles in binders for polymer composites | |
Mylvaganam et al. | Fabrication and application of polymer composites comprising carbon nanotubes | |
Hashemi et al. | Electrified single‐walled carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposite via vacuum shock technique: Effect of alignment on electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding | |
US8062554B2 (en) | System and methods of dispersion of nanostructures in composite materials | |
ES2781831T3 (en) | Carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene sheet and molded article with it | |
KR101985849B1 (en) | Carbon fiber prepreg or carbon fiber - reinforced plastic, and materials including the same | |
US20100044584A1 (en) | Carbon nanotube containing materials and articles containing such materials for altering electromagnetic radiation | |
BRPI0714095B1 (en) | PREVIOUSLY IMPREGNATED MATERIAL AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL REINFORCED BY CARBON FIBER | |
US11352472B2 (en) | Prepreg, fiber-reinforced composite material and surface-modified reinforcing fibers | |
Nitin et al. | Ballistic performance of synergistically toughened Kevlar/epoxy composite targets reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes/graphene nanofillers | |
Ren et al. | Hybrid effect on mechanical properties of M40‐T300 carbon fiber reinforced Bisphenol A Dicyanate ester composites | |
DE202013003732U1 (en) | Heat management for aircraft composites | |
Sima et al. | Novel smart insulating materials achieving targeting self-healing of electrical trees: high performance, low cost, and eco-friendliness | |
CN112297564B (en) | Exterior surface protective layer, aircraft component, composite structure, and method of forming | |
Smith et al. | Graphene Oxide Functionalized with 2-Ureido-4 [1 H]-pyrimidinone for Production of Nacre-Like Films | |
Demircioglu et al. | Effect of lead metaborate as novel nanofiller on the ballistic impact behavior of Twaron®/epoxy composites | |
Bagheri et al. | An experimental investigation of novel hybrid epoxy/glass fibers nanocomposite reinforced with nanoclay with enhanced properties for low velocity impact test | |
US8636972B1 (en) | Making a nanomaterial composite | |
Zarei et al. | Effect of interleaved composite nanofibrous mats on quasi-static and impact properties of composite plate | |
Roy et al. | Spectroscopic And Morphological Evaluation Of Gamma Radiation Irradiated Polypyrrole Based Nanocomposites |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, NEW MEXIC Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AL-HAIK, MARWAN S;EL-GENK, MOHAMED S;REEL/FRAME:021313/0506 Effective date: 20080321 Owner name: STC.UNM, NEW MEXICO Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO;REEL/FRAME:021313/0544 Effective date: 20080521 Owner name: REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO,NEW MEXICO Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AL-HAIK, MARWAN S;EL-GENK, MOHAMED S;REEL/FRAME:021313/0506 Effective date: 20080321 Owner name: STC.UNM,NEW MEXICO Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO;REEL/FRAME:021313/0544 Effective date: 20080521 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |