US6606059B1 - Antenna for nomadic wireless modems - Google Patents
Antenna for nomadic wireless modems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6606059B1 US6606059B1 US09/649,311 US64931100A US6606059B1 US 6606059 B1 US6606059 B1 US 6606059B1 US 64931100 A US64931100 A US 64931100A US 6606059 B1 US6606059 B1 US 6606059B1
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- antenna
- radiating elements
- base station
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- radiating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/24—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/20—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/20—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path
- H01Q21/205—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path providing an omnidirectional coverage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
Definitions
- Omni-directional antennas produce a substantially constant radiation pattern in essentially all directions in at least one plane. While this effectively ensures that the antenna signal reaches an intended base station regardless of the orientation of the antenna or wireless device, it does so at the cost of wasted power and the potential for interference with other users and electronic systems.
- Whip antennas Long, thin extending antennas
- an antenna in another embodiment, comprises a dielectric body having an interior and an exterior surface. A plurality of radiating elements is formed on the exterior surface of the antenna body. The antenna also comprises a transmission line and a switching device operative to selectively connect the transmission line with at least one of the radiating elements.
- FIGS. 3A-3C are diagrams of a wireless device utilizing an antenna in accordance with the present invention in relation to a network of base stations;
- FIG. 4A shows a perspective view of an antenna in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 4B shows a side cross sectional view of the antenna of FIG. 4A
- FIG. 4C shows a top cross sectional view of the antenna of FIG. 4A
- FIG. 4D shows a top view of the antenna of FIG. 4 A and the representative radiation patterns of each of the radiating elements
- FIG. 5 shows a first preferred embodiment of a feed network utilized in an antenna in accordance with the present invention
- FIGS. 7A-7B show a first alternate embodiment of an antenna in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 8A-8B show a second alternate embodiment of an antenna in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 9 shows a radio module utilizing an antenna in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a circuit schematic of a capacitive isolation circuit incorporated into a radio frequency switching device
- FIG. 12A is a diagram of a switching device connected to an antenna radiating element
- FIG. 12B is a circuit schematic including a radio frequency switching device and an electrical equivalent for the antenna element
- FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic representation of the circuit schematic of FIG. 12B;
- FIG. 15A is a Smith chart showing the impedance of the antenna element of FIG. 14.
- FIG. 15B is a Smith chart showing the impedance of the antenna element of FIG. 14 with a grounding pin added.
- FIG. 1 shows a wireless device 50 , such as a cell phone, wireless modem, radio module, or pager.
- Wireless devices such as the wireless device 50
- base stations typically serve as a link between the wireless device and a larger communication network, such as a publicly switched telephone network (PSTN), or a company network.
- PSTN publicly switched telephone network
- the base stations allow the wireless devices to access larger data and voice distribution networks throughout the world.
- Most wireless devices, such as the wireless device 50 shown in FIG. 1, utilize a whip or telescoping type of antenna 54 in order to broadcast and receive voice and data signals between the wireless device 50 and a base station.
- FIG. 2 illustrates how the wireless device 50 utilizing an omni-directional antenna 54 operates in relation to a network of base stations.
- the wireless device 50 When the wireless device 50 is activated, either by a user, or by an electronic system, it transmits or receives a signal through its antenna 54 until a base station 60 is acquired.
- a base station 60 Several base stations may be in the vicinity of the wireless device 50 , and the one that is ultimately acquired is referred to as the target base station.
- the target base station is represented by reference number 60 . Most often, the target base station 60 is the base station that is closest to the wireless device 50 . Most commonly, this is the base station that provides the strongest and most consistent signal between the base station 60 and the wireless device 50 .
- the wireless device 50 Upon activation, the wireless device 50 transmits its signal in all directions from the antenna 54 .
- Other visible base stations 62 , 64 , and 66 that may be within the transmitter range of the wireless device 50 may also see the signal generated by the wireless device 50 but do not establish a connection, typically due to the inferiority of the signal.
- the antenna 54 Even after the target base station 60 is acquired by the wireless device, the antenna 54 continues to broadcast its signal in all directions. This is consistent with the operation of an omni-directional antenna. Since most of the signal pattern transmitted by the antenna 54 is not directed toward the acquired target base station 60 , a large portion of the power that is used to transmit the signal is wasted. Depending on the distance between the target base station and the antenna, as much as 90% of the transmitter power may be wasted.
- the target base station 60 Since a large portion of the transmission strength is wasted when utilizing an omni-directional antenna, a larger transmitter power is required in order to maintain a strong and consistent signal connection between the target base station 60 and the wireless device 50 . Furthermore, since the signal generated within the antenna radiation pattern 56 is still being broadcast toward the other non-target but visible base stations after the target base station 60 has been acquired, the other “non-target” base stations may experience a degradation in performance due to the interference generated by transmissions that are not intended for that particular base station. Likewise, the target base station 60 that a particular antenna has acquired, may itself experience performance degradation from other wireless devices operating in its vicinity.
- FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate how an antenna in accordance with the present invention can improve the power efficiency of a wireless device 50 , while simultaneously reducing the amount of signal interference seen by non-target base stations.
- the wireless device 50 includes an antenna 100 in accordance with the present invention.
- the wireless device 50 searches for and acquires a target base station.
- the target base station is represented by reference number 70 .
- the target base station is the one that maintains the strongest and most consistent signal with the wireless device 50 . Most often the strongest signal is obtained from the base station that is in closest proximity to the wireless device 50 , however, topographic variations, and other sources of interference may dictate that a more distant base station be acquired as the target base station.
- this is accomplished by selectively activating one or more radiating elements incorporated onto the antenna 100 , and utilizing these limited radiating elements to transmit and/or receive the voice or data signal to and from the target base station.
- the wireless device changes which antenna elements are activated so that continuous contact is maintained with the base station while still only utilizing a small portion of the antenna capability and continuing to conserve power.
- FIG. 3C illustrates the initiation of a further base station hand off as the wireless device 50 moves out of the range of target base station 72 and into the range of target base station 74 . Again, the direction that the signal from the wireless device 50 is transmitted is adjusted so that it is directed toward the new target base station 74 . In this manner, once the target base station 74 has been acquired, the other non-target base stations that are within the range of the wireless device, experience a minimal amount of interference from the wireless device 50 .
- wireless devices that utilize an antenna 100 in accordance with the present invention requires less power to maintain similar performance characteristics as a known omni-directional antenna. For example, if the antenna only transmits a signal from a 90° portion of its total 360° range, only 25% as much power is required to transmit the same range. Since each individual radiating element in the antenna 100 has significantly more gain than a single omni-directional radiator, the power output requirements of the transmitter are reduced accordingly. Antenna gain is achieved by narrowing the radiation pattern of each antenna element.
- a wireless device utilizing an antenna 100 in accordance with the present invention can demand the same power requirements as a known omni-directional antenna while providing a larger coverage area due to the ability to focus the azimuth of the transmission.
- FIGS. 4A-4C show a preferred embodiment of an antenna 100 in accordance with the present invention.
- the antenna 100 has a tubular body 102 with a cylindrical outer surface 103 and a cylindrical inner surface 105 .
- the tubular body has a diameter of approximately 50 mm.
- the body 102 is formed from a dielectric material such as Lexan type 104 . Other materials that are conducive to the construction of patch-type antennas and that are suitable for inexpensive manufacturing processes such as injection molding may also be used to construct the body 102 .
- the cylindrical interior surface 105 includes on its surface a substantially uniform metalized layer 104 .
- the antenna 100 is preferably constructed in accordance with the structure of a patch antenna. In that sense, metalized layer 104 forms the ground plane component of the antenna 100 .
- the exterior surface 103 includes a series of radiating elements (patches) that conform to the cylindrical shape of the exterior surface 103 .
- each patch element has a physical dimension of:
- radiating elements are contemplated by the present invention and will largely depend on the specific design requirements and cost considerations. Generally, the more radiating elements that are utilized, the more focused a transmission signal can be and the more efficiently a wireless device can operate.
- the pattern of a radiating element is fixed and more radiating elements permit finer granularity along the azimuth and a more constant gain.
- the transmission line 134 distributes the power and data signal through a feed line 136 , 138 , 140 , and 142 , to each of the feed pins 116 , 118 , 120 , and 122 .
- the transmission line 134 is connected to the operating electronics that are associated with a particular wireless device, for example, the transceiver circuitry associated with a cell phone, pager, or wireless modem.
- Switching devices 126 , 128 , 130 , and 132 operate to selectively direct the data signal and power from each of the feed lines 136 , 138 , 140 , and 142 to the respective radiating element, thereby activating a select one of the radiating elements 106 , 108 , 110 , or 112 .
- the switching devices can selectively direct the power and data signal to a select group of feed lines, thereby activating a select group of radiating elements rather than only a single radiating element.
- Inherent in this structure is a built in logic function, preferably in the wireless device programming, that is capable of selecting which radiating element to activate depending on the relative signal strength of a base station that is being acquired.
- FIG. 4D illustrates a plan view of radiation patterns 106 -A, 108 -A, 110 -A, and 112 -A that are associated with each of the radiating elements 106 , 108 , 110 , and 112 .
- Each radiating element in FIG. 4D generates a radiation pattern that covers approximately 25% of the total circumference of the exterior surface of the antenna 100 .
- the radiation pattern 106 -A substantially covers the 0-90° range of the antenna 100
- the radiation pattern 108 -A substantially covers the 90°-180° range of the antenna 100
- the radiation pattern 110 -A substantially covers the 180°-270° range of the antenna 100
- the radiation pattern 112 -A substantially covers the 270°-360° range of the antenna 100 .
- the angular references are relative to FIG. 4 C and it is understood that these ranges will depend on the particular system employed and the arrangement of the radiating elements on the particular antenna. Additionally, since the antenna will in most situations constantly moving, the relative angular coverage will similarly change
- FIG. 5 shows a preferred embodiment of a feed network 150 that is utilized in an antenna 100 in accordance with the present invention.
- the feed network 150 is used to selectively activate a single radiating element on the antenna 100 .
- the feed network 150 is used to activate a selected group (i.e. one or more) of radiating elements on the antenna.
- An appropriate programming scheme incorporated into the wireless device determines the precise control over which radiating elements are activated at any given time.
- a source 144 feeds power and an RF signal through the transmission line 134 .
- the source 144 power and data signals come from the operative electronics of the particular wireless device being used, for example the transceiver circuitry of a cellular phone, pager or wireless modem.
- Branching off of the transmission line 134 are each of the feed lines 136 , 138 , and 140 .
- the configuration shown in FIG. 5 can be used with an antenna that utilizes any number of radiating elements up to N radiating elements.
- the feed network 150 can be extended or reduced to accommodate a greater or fewer number of radiating elements. In a preferred embodiment, between three and six radiating elements are utilized.
- a switching device is located at the point where each of the feed lines connects to the transmission line 134 .
- FIG. 5 shows switching devices 126 , 128 , and 130 corresponding respectively to each of the feed lines 136 , 138 , and 140 , and each of the radiating elements 106 , 108 , and 110 .
- grounding leads 116 , 118 , and 120 that respectively connect each of the radiating elements 106 , 108 , and 110 to the ground plane 104 .
- the grounding leads function as the return path for the switching device and prevents a static electricity charge from building up on the patch and potentially damaging the electronics.
- the feed network 160 includes grounding pins 116 , 118 , and 120 respectively connecting each of the radiating elements 106 , 108 , and 110 to the ground plane 104 .
- grounding pins 116 , 118 , and 120 respectively connecting each of the radiating elements 106 , 108 , and 110 to the ground plane 104 .
- An interior surface 205 of the antenna body 202 includes a metalized ground plane coating 204 , and a feed pin 216 , 218 , 220 , and 222 respectively connects each of the radiating elements to the ground plane 204 .
- a transmission line 234 distributes power and signals, generated by a source 244 .
- Feed lines 236 , 238 , 240 , and 242 pass the power and data signal from the transmission line 234 through a respective switching device 226 , 228 , 230 , and 232 .
- a particular radiating element or a particular group of radiating elements is activated by selectively enabling one or more of the switching devices 226 , 228 , 230 , and 232 .
- the power and data signal is passed from the transmission line 234 , through a corresponding feed line and power and a data signal is provided to the respective radiating elements.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B show another alternate embodiment of an antenna 300 in accordance with the present invention.
- the antenna 300 is constructed in substantially the same manner as the antenna 100 shown and described in conjunction with FIGS. 4A-4C.
- the antenna 300 has a triangularly shaped dielectric body 302 rather than the cylindrically shaped dielectric body 102 of the antenna 100 .
- each of the three exterior surfaces 303 - a , 303 - b , and 303 - c , of the antenna body 302 includes a single radiating element 306 , 308 , and 310 respectively.
- An interior surface 305 of the antenna body 302 includes a metalized ground plane coating 304 , and a feed pin 316 , 318 , and 320 respectively connects each of the radiating elements to the ground plane 304 .
- a transmission line 334 distributes power and signals, generated by a source 344 .
- Feed lines 336 , 338 , and 340 pass the power and data signal from the transmission line 334 through a respective switching device 326 , 328 , and 330 .
- a particular radiating element or a particular group of radiating elements is activated by selectively enabling one or more of the switching devices 326 , 328 , and 330 .
- the power and data signal is passed from the transmission line 334 , through a corresponding feed line and power and a data signal is provided to the respective radiating elements.
- FIGS. 7A-7B and 8 A- 8 B depict two alternate geometries for an antenna in accordance with the present invention
- various other configurations will be apparent to one skilled in the art, for example, hexagonal and octagonal shaped antenna bodies are also contemplated by an antenna in accordance with the present invention.
- radiating elements can be located in any plane, for instance, on the top surface of the antenna to radiate vertically (e.g., toward a satellite).
- An antenna constructed in accordance with the present invention can also be used in conjunction with a radio module that is fixed in place and utilized in a wireless local loop (WLL) network.
- WLL wireless local loop
- Such radio modules are often permanently mounted on a building, wall, or mast and allow users within a local network to communicate via a wireless loop rather than relying on a completely hard wired system.
- FIG. 9 shows such a radio module 400 that incorporates an antenna in accordance with the present invention.
- the radio module 400 includes a dielectric body 402 that includes a radiating antenna element on each of its side surfaces.
- the radio module 400 has four sides and a radiating element is located on each of the four sides. Radiating elements 404 and 406 are visible in FIG. 9 .
- the body 402 is preferably tapered in order to give the radio module 400 more stability on its mounting location and to direct each of the antenna elements in a slightly upward direction.
- Multiple patch systems can also be incorporated onto a single antenna structure in order to provide diversity in the operation of the system.
- the radio module 400 also includes indicator lights 410 , data ports 414 and a power cable 412 .
- a lower portion 407 of the radio module 400 has a textured or ribbed surface 408 to increase the effective surface area of the enclosure and to increase the heat dissipation of the system.
- U.S. Patent Application Nos. 09/398,724 and 09/400,623 disclose further details of a preferred embodiment of such a radio module, the details of which are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application.
- each of the feed networks 150 and 160 preferably utilize a PIN diode switch, or another type of known radio frequency switch for the switching devices.
- Preferred examples include switching devices manufactured by Hewlett Packard bearing Model Nos. HSMP-3880, and HSMP-4890.
- FIGS. 10A and 10B show the circuit diagrams for two of these switching devices.
- a PIN diode operates like a variable resistor for RF signals. It behaves like a diode at low frequencies.
- Potentiometer 182 represents the equivalent resistance of the PIN diode at RF frequencies. The value of the potentiometer 182 depends on the DC current flowing through the diode. High current equate to a low resistance and low/zero current equates to a high resistance. The impedance is also limited by the reverse capacitance of the capacitor 184 .
- the switching device 180 At an “on” resistance of approximately 6.5 ⁇ for a large PIN bias current, the switching device 180 is on, and RF will flow from the terminal 186 to the terminal 188 . With no current, the resistance at potentiometer 182 is high and the RF is reduced. An antenna radiating element therefore does not receive an RF signal when the switching device is turned off and will when the switching device is turned on.
- the “on” resistance is at a lower level, i.e. 2.5 ⁇ , due to a different PIN diode design.
- a PIN diode switch or a similar known RF switch for the switching device 180 is preferred due to their wide availability, low cost, and large selection.
- a switching device such as the PIN Diode switches 180 and 190 shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B
- there is a reverse junction capacitance intrinsic to the reversed biased PIN Diode some RF is shunted past the potentiometer 182 . This is due in part to the inherent characteristics of a capacitor. This leakage of charge prevents the PIN diode switch from completely isolating the active radiating elements from the deactivated ones. For example, neighboring radiating elements may remain in an activated state until most of the charge is dissipated from the PIN Diode capacitor.
- FIG. 11 shows a PIN diode isolation circuit 500 in accordance with the present invention.
- the dashed box 181 represents the boundaries of a PIN diode switch 180 , the details of which were described above in conjunction with FIG. 10 A.
- the PIN diode switch shown in the isolation circuit 500 can be any of the known PIN diode switches.
- the isolation circuit 500 includes a canceling inductor 506 (L CANCEL ) joined in series with a blocking capacitor 508 (C BLOCK ).
- the canceling inductor 506 and the blocking capacitor 508 are jumpered around the PIN diode switch 180 through conductors 502 and 504 .
- the size of the canceling inductor 506 (L CANCEL ) and the blocking capacitor 508 (C BLOCK ) may vary depending on the values of the PIN diode inductor 185 and PIN diode capacitor 186 within the PIN diode switch 180 .
- the value of the cancellation inductor 506 can be calculated as follows.
- FIGS. 12A shows a diagrammatic representation 700 of this type of grounding circuit and FIG. 12B shows an equivalent electrical circuit layout 720 .
- the antenna element 702 includes a grounding conductor 704 that connects the antenna element 702 to the ground plane element (not shown).
- FIG. 12B indicates the equivalent circuit 720 , where a source 722 coupled with a resistor 724 feed a data signal through the PIN diode 726 and onto an antenna element.
- the antenna element is represented in the circuit by capacitor 728 , inductor 730 and resistor 732 .
- the resistor 732 represents the equivalent load that the antenna places on the system.
- the PIN diode switch 726 is shown with the isolation circuit 500 described in conjunction with FIG. 11 incorporated.
- FIG. 13 shows an equivalent electrical model for circuit simulation 600 resulting from the implementation of a PIN diode switch 180 into an antenna in accordance with the present invention.
- Port 610 is terminated and its resistance in combination with (C ANT ) 612 and (L ANT ) 614 , represent the antenna element, and more specifically the transformed value of the antenna element resistance.
- Port 602 represents a source input
- 604 represents the switching device.
- the switching device is the PIN diode switch 180 described previously.
- Reference number 606 indicates the feed line leading from the switching device 604 to the antenna 608 .
- Reference number 608 represents the antenna element, including C ANT 612 and L ANT 614 .
- FIGS. 15A and 15B show a pair of Smith charts.
- the chart of FIG. 15A represents the antenna described in conjunction with FIG. 14 .
- FIG. 15B represents the same antenna with a grounding connector between the center of the antenna element and the ground plane. This arrangement was described previously in conjunction with FIGS. 12A and 12B. As can be seen from a comparison of the two Smith charts, there is a negligible effect on the antenna performance associated with the addition of the grounding conductor 704 .
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