US9270400B2 - Determining proximity of user equipment for device-to-device communication - Google Patents
Determining proximity of user equipment for device-to-device communication Download PDFInfo
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- US9270400B2 US9270400B2 US14/525,100 US201414525100A US9270400B2 US 9270400 B2 US9270400 B2 US 9270400B2 US 201414525100 A US201414525100 A US 201414525100A US 9270400 B2 US9270400 B2 US 9270400B2
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Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to the technical field of data processing, and more particularly, to determining proximity of user equipment (“UE”) for device-to-device (“D2D”) communication.
- UE user equipment
- D2D device-to-device
- Wireless mobile devices may communicate with each other over a wireless wide area network (“WWAN”), e.g., using radio access technologies (“RAT”) such as the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (“LTE”) Advanced Release 10 (March 2011) (the “LTE-A Standard”), the IEEE 802.16 standard, IEEE Std. 802.16-2009, published May 29, 2009 (“WiMAX”), as well as any other wireless protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond.
- RAT radio access technologies
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- WiMAX IEEE Std. 802.16-2009, published May 29, 2009
- Some UEs also may be configured to communicate directly with other UEs, e.g., using device-to-device (“D2D”) communication.
- D2D communication may be used, e.g., when UEs initiate communication with each other while within direct wireless range of each other.
- RATs that may be used in this manner may include 802.11 (“WiFi”), BlueTooth, near field communication (“NFC”), FlashLinq by Qualcomm®, and so forth.
- UEs may initiate communication with each other over a WWAN, but may be in, or move into, sufficient proximity to exchange data directly, e.g., using WiFi Direct, BlueTooth, Flashlinq, NFC, etc.
- WWAN resources may drain WWAN resources that may be put to better use for communications between UEs that are remote from each other.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates various network entities configured with applicable portions of the present disclosure to facilitate commencement of device-to-device (“D2D”) communication between user equipment (“UE”), in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
- D2D device-to-device
- UE user equipment
- FIG. 2 schematically depicts an example of communications that may be exchanged between various network entities configured with applicable portions of the teachings of the present disclosure, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 schematically depicts an example method that may be implemented by a traffic detection function (“TDF”), in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
- TDF traffic detection function
- FIG. 4 schematically depicts an example method that may be implemented by an evolved serving mobile location center (“E-SMLC”), in accordance with various embodiments.
- E-SMLC evolved serving mobile location center
- FIG. 5 schematically depicts an example of communications, similar to those shown in FIG. 2 , that may be exchanged between various network entities configured with applicable portions of the teachings of the present disclosure, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 6 schematically depicts an example method that may be implemented by an evolved Node B (“eNB”), in accordance with various embodiments.
- eNB evolved Node B
- FIG. 7 schematically depicts an example method that may be implemented by a UE, in accordance with various embodiments.
- FIG. 8 schematically depicts an example computing device on which disclosed methods and computer-readable media may be implemented, in accordance with various embodiments.
- phrases “A or B” and “A and/or B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B).
- phrase “A, B, and/or C” means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C).
- module and/or “logic” may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (“ASIC”), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality.
- ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
- FIG. 1 An example wireless wide area network (“WWAN”) 100 is depicted in FIG. 1 .
- a first mobile device in the form of a first user equipment (“UE”) 102 (configured with applicable portions of the teachings of the present disclosure) and a second mobile device in the form of a second UE 104 (configured with applicable portions of the teachings of the present disclosure) may be in wireless communication with each other via WWAN 100 .
- first UE 102 and second UE 104 may be in direct communication with a radio access network (“RAN”) via an access point in the form of an evolved Node B (“eNB”) 106 .
- RAN radio access network
- eNB evolved Node B
- first UE 102 is depicted as a touch screen smart phone
- second UE 104 is depicted as a laptop computer
- mobile devices e.g., UEs
- UEs may be any type of data processing device, including but not limited to a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), a portable gaming device, and so forth.
- PDA personal digital assistant
- eNB 106 may be in network communication with various components of an Evolved Packet Core (“EPC”).
- EPC Evolved Packet Core
- eNB 106 may be in network communication with a mobility management entity (“MME”) 108 .
- MME 108 may be configured to perform various functions, including but not limited to non-access stratum (“NAS”) signaling and NAS signaling security, idle mode UE reachability, public data network (“PDN”) and serving gateway selection, MME selection for handoffs, authentication, bearer management functions, and so forth.
- NAS non-access stratum
- PDN public data network
- serving gateway selection MME selection for handoffs, authentication, bearer management functions, and so forth.
- MME 108 may itself be in network communication with various other nodes.
- MME 108 may be in network communication with an evolved serving mobile location center (“E-SMLC”) 110 .
- E-SMLC 110 may be configured to perform various functions related to location services (“LCS”).
- LCS location services
- E-SMLC 110 may manage the support of different location services for target UEs, e.g., including positioning of UEs and delivery of assistance data to UEs.
- E-SMLC 110 may interact with the serving eNB (e.g., 106 ) for a target UE (e.g., 102 , 104 ) in order to obtain position measurements for the target UE.
- the serving eNB e.g., 106
- target UE e.g., 102 , 104
- E-SMLC 110 may interact with a target UE (e.g., 102 , 104 ) in order to deliver assistance data if requested for a particular location service, or to obtain a location estimate if that was requested.
- a gateway mobile location center (“G-MLC”) 111 may perform similar functions as E-SMLC 110 .
- E-SMLC 110 For positioning of a target UE (e.g., 102 , 104 ), E-SMLC 110 (or G-MLC 111 ) may determine the positioning method to be used, based on factors such as LCS client type, a required quality of service (“QoS”), UE positioning capabilities, and/or eNB positioning capabilities. E-SMLC 110 may invoke these positioning methods in the target UE and/or serving eNB. UE-based positioning methods may yield a location estimate. UE-assisted and network-based positioning methods may yield positioning measurements. E-SMLC 110 may combine received results and, based on those results, determine a single location estimate for the target UE, as well as other information such as an accuracy of the estimate.
- QoS quality of service
- E-SMLC 110 may be in network communication with various other network entities.
- E-SMLC 110 may be in network communication with a traffic detection function (“TDF”) 112 .
- TDF 112 is depicted in FIG. 1 as operating on a separate server computer, this is not meant to be limiting.
- TDF 112 may be implemented using any combination of hardware and software on any network computing device, such as those shown in FIG. 1 and others that are not shown but are often found in wireless communication networks.
- one or more of the entities depicted in FIG. 1 may be implemented on the same or different computing devices.
- first UE 102 and second UE 104 are sufficiently proximate, and assuming both first UE 102 and second UE 104 are equipped with the same direct radio access technology (“RAT”), e.g., WiFi Direct, Bluetooth, near field communication (“NFC”), Flashlinq, etc. then first UE device 102 and second UE device 104 may be able to exchange data directly.
- RAT direct radio access technology
- FIG. 1 assume first UE 102 and second UE 104 are in communication already via WWAN 100 and are separated by a distance D.
- first UE 102 and second UE 104 may be able to communicate directly, e.g., using device-to-device (“D2D”) communication, rather than through WWAN 100 .
- D2D device-to-device
- first UE 102 and second UE 104 may momentarily be within sufficient proximity to commence D2D communication, they might not necessarily remain in sufficient proximity for long enough to justify a transition to D2D communication. For instance, a user of first UE 102 may be moving in one direction, and a user of second UE 104 may be moving in a different direction.
- the WWAN resources gained by commencing D2D communication between first UE 102 and second UE 104 may not be worth the network resources expended to implement the transition if the D2D communication will be short-lived.
- various network entities may be configured to determine not only whether first UE 102 and second UE 104 are sufficiently proximate to exchange data directly, but also whether they will remain proximate for an amount of time that justifies commencing D2D communication between the UEs.
- TDF 112 may be configured to ascertain that first UE 102 and second UE 104 are, potentially, sufficiently proximate to each other to wirelessly exchange data directly.
- Various events may cause TDF 112 to make this ascertainment.
- eNB 106 may determine that it is serving both first UE 102 and second UE 104 .
- eNB 106 may be configured to transmit a request (e.g., an LCS request) to TDF 112 to determine whether first UE 102 and second UE 104 are sufficiently proximate to exchange data directly, e.g., using D2D communication.
- a request e.g., an LCS request
- first UE 102 or second UE 104 may itself determine that there is a possibility that the other is, potentially, sufficiently proximate to commence D2D communication.
- the UE device may transmit a request (e.g., an LCS request) to TDF 112 to determine whether first UE 102 and second UE 104 are sufficiently proximate to exchange data directly.
- TDF 112 may instruct E-SMLC 110 (or G-MLC 111 ) to obtain location change data associated with the first UE 102 and/or second UE 104 .
- location change data may include any data that demonstrates a change of location of a UE.
- location change data may include a velocity of a UE. Being a vector, a UE velocity may include a both speed component and a direction component.
- Location change data may include any other indications of movement of UEs, such as acceleration.
- TDF 112 may instruct E-SMLC 110 (or G-MLC 111 ) to obtain location change data associated with one or more UEs via a direct signaling interface. In other embodiments, such as the example shown in FIG. 2 , this may be done through other nodes.
- TDF 112 may send a request for location change information associated with the first UE 102 and/or second UE 104 to MME 108 .
- MME 108 may forward this request to E-SMLC 112 (or G-MLC 111 ).
- TDF 112 may transmit this instruction via other nodes. For example, TDF 112 may transmit the instruction to E-SMLC 110 (or G-MLC 111 ) through MME 108 , e.g., using a logical tunnel.
- E-SMLC 110 may instigate location procedures with serving eNB 106 .
- E-SMLC 110 may request that eNB 108 provide location change data associated with first UE 102 and/or second UE 104 .
- E-SMLC 110 may also obtain assistance data from eNB 106 , for provision to a target UE such as 102 or 104 .
- E-SMLC 110 may instigate location procedures with UE 102 or 104 .
- E-SMLC 110 may obtain a location estimate (e.g., a GPS coordinate) or location change data from UE 102 or 104 .
- E-SMLC 110 may transfer, to UE 102 or 104 , the assistance data obtained from eNB 106 at block 224 . This assistance data may be used to assist with UE-based and/or UE-assisted positioning methods.
- UE 102 or 104 may transmit location change data associated with first UE 102 or second UE 104 to E-SMLC 110 (or G-MLC 111 ), e.g., through eNB 106 and/or MME 108 .
- E-SMLC 110 may provide the location change data to TDF.
- this communication may be sent directly.
- E-SMLC 110 may forward the location change data to MME 108 .
- MME 108 may in turn forward the location change data to TDF 112 at arrow 232 .
- TDF 112 may determine, based on the location change data, whether first UE 102 and second UE 104 are sufficiently proximate to exchange data directly, and whether they are likely to remain proximate for at least a predetermined time interval.
- the predetermined time interval may be selected to be long enough so that the benefits of commencing D2D communication (e.g., reduced WWAN network traffic) outweigh the costs of the transition.
- This predetermined time interval may be set, e.g., by a network administrator, or may be dynamic, e.g., based on current network traffic.
- the determination as to whether the UEs will remain proximate for a sufficient time may be made based on various laws of physics and motion. For instance, relative velocities and/or accelerations of two UEs reveal, e.g., as input in standard physics/motion equations, that the UEs will be within direct wireless range for a sufficient amount of time to justify commencement of D2D communication.
- TDF 112 may cause first UE 102 and second UE 104 to commence D2D communication. For example, in various embodiments, TDF 112 may instruct MME 108 to cause first UE 102 and second UE 104 to commence D2D communication. In various embodiments, MME 108 may utilize NAS signaling to instruct first UE 102 and second UE 104 to commence D2D communication.
- FIG. 3 depicts an example method 300 that may be implemented by a computing device as part of operating a TDF such as TDF 112 .
- TDF 112 may await a request to instigate and/or perform location services.
- TDF 112 may receive, from various network nodes, a request to determine whether two or more UEs, e.g., first UE 102 and second UE 104 , exchanging data indirectly through a WWAN are in sufficient proximity to exchange data directly, e.g., using D2D communication.
- the request may also seek to have TDF 112 determine whether the first and second UEs will be proximate for a sufficient amount of time, such as a predetermined time interval, to warrant commencement of D2D communication.
- TDF 112 may determine, based on the received location change data, whether the first and second UEs are sufficiently proximate to exchange data directly. If the answer is yes, then at block 312 , TDF 112 may determine whether the first and second UEs are likely to remain proximate for at least a predetermined time interval (e.g., based on standard laws of physics/motion). If the answer is yes, then at block 314 , TDF 112 may cause first UE 102 and second UE 104 to commence D2D communication. If the answer at either block 310 or block 312 is no, then method 300 may proceed back to block 302 .
- a predetermined time interval e.g., based on standard laws of physics/motion
- FIG. 4 depicts an example method 400 that may be implemented by, e.g., E-SMLC 110 or G-MLC 111 , in accordance with various embodiments.
- E-SMLC 110 /G-MLC 111 may receive, e.g., from TDF 112 , a request for location change data associated with first UE 102 or second UE 104 .
- E-SMLC 110 /G-MLC 111 may request, e.g., from first UE 102 , second UE 104 , or eNB 106 serving first UE 102 or second UE 104 , the location change data.
- E-SMLC 110 /G-MLC 111 may transmit the location change data, e.g., to TDF 112 .
- FIG. 5 depicts a slight variation of the data exchange shown in FIG. 2 .
- arrows 520 , 522 524 , 530 and 532 represent data exchanges similar to those represented by arrows 220 , 222 , 224 , 230 and 232 in FIG. 2 , respectively.
- FIG. 5 differs from FIG. 2 at arrows 526 and 528 .
- eNB 106 may instigate (e.g., at the request of E-SMLC 110 ) location procedures with UE 102 or 104 .
- FIG. 6 depicts an example method 600 that may be implemented by, e.g., eNB 106 , to exchange communications as shown in FIG. 5 .
- eNB 106 may receive, e.g., from E-SMLC 110 (or G-MLC 111 ), a request for location change data associated with first UE 102 or a second UE 104 .
- eNB 106 may obtain, e.g., from first UE 102 or second UE 104 , e.g., on a control plane over an air interface using RRC and/or NAS signaling, the location change data.
- eNB 106 may encapsulate a location message (e.g., a request) into an RRC and/or NAS message and send it first UE 102 using RRC.
- First UE 102 may decapsulate the RRC and/or NAS message and consume the contents (e.g., the request).
- First UE 102 may likewise encapsulate location change data into a return RRC and/or NAS message, and send it back to eNB 106 using RRC and/or NAS signaling.
- eNB 106 may decapsulate the message and provide the contents, e.g., the location change data, to E-SMLC 110 (or G-MLC 111 ).
- FIG. 7 depicts an example method 700 that may be implemented by, e.g., first UE 102 or second UE 104 .
- a UE e.g., first UE 102
- the UE may provide, to the eNB on a control plane using at least one of RRC and NAS signaling, the location change data.
- the UE may receive, e.g., from a TDF (e.g., TDF 112 ), a command to commence D2D communication with another UE (e.g., second UE 104 ) served by the eNB, e.g., upon the TDF determining that the UE and the another UE are sufficiently proximate to exchange data directly and are likely to remain proximate for at least a predetermined time interval.
- the UE may commence D2D with the another UE served by the eNB
- FIG. 8 illustrates an example computing device 800 , in accordance with various embodiments.
- UE e.g., 102 , 104
- another network entity e.g., 108 , 110 , 112
- Computing device 800 may include a number of components, one or more processor(s) 804 and at least one communication chip 806 .
- the one or more processor(s) 804 each may be a processor core.
- the at least one communication chip 806 may also be physically and electrically coupled to the one or more processors 804 .
- the communication chip 806 may be part of the one or more processors 804 .
- computing device 800 may include printed circuit board (“PCB”) 802 .
- PCB printed circuit board
- the one or more processors 804 and communication chip 806 may be disposed thereon.
- the various components may be coupled without the employment of PCB 802 .
- computing device 800 may include other components that may or may not be physically and electrically coupled to the PCB 802 .
- these other components include, but are not limited to, volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random access memory 808 , also referred to as “DRAM”), non-volatile memory (e.g., read only memory 810 , also referred to as “ROM”), flash memory 812 , an input/output controller 814 , a digital signal processor (not shown), a crypto processor (not shown), a graphics processor 816 , one or more antenna 818 , a display (not shown), a touch screen display 820 , a touch screen controller 822 , a battery 824 , an audio codec (not shown), a video codec (not shown), a global positioning system (“GPS”) device 828 , a compass 830 , an accelerometer (not shown), a gyroscope (not shown), a speaker 832 , a camera 834 , and a mass
- volatile memory e.g., DRAM 808
- non-volatile memory e.g., ROM 810
- flash memory 812 may include programming instructions configured to enable computing device 800 , in response to execution by one or more processors 804 , to practice all or selected aspects of methods 300 , 400 , 600 or 700 , depending on whether computing device 800 is used to implement first UE 102 , second UE 104 , TDF 112 , eNB 106 , E-SMLC 110 , or G-MLC 111 .
- one or more of the memory components such as volatile memory (e.g., DRAM 808 ), non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM 810 ), flash memory 812 , and the mass storage device may include temporal and/or persistent copies of instructions that, when executed, by one or more processors 804 , enable computing device 800 to operate one or more modules 836 configured to practice all or selected aspects of methods 300 , 400 , 600 or 700 , depending on whether computing device 800 is used to implement first UE 102 , second UE 104 , TDF 112 , eNB 106 , E-SMLC 110 , or G-MLC 111 .
- volatile memory e.g., DRAM 808
- non-volatile memory e.g., ROM 810
- flash memory 812 e.g., and the mass storage device
- the mass storage device may include temporal and/or persistent copies of instructions that, when executed, by one or more processors 804 , enable computing device 800 to operate one or more modules
- the communication chips 806 may enable wired and/or wireless communications for the transfer of data to and from the computing device 800 .
- the term “wireless” and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc., that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. The term does not imply that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some embodiments they might not.
- the communication chip 806 may implement any of a number of wireless standards or protocols, including but not limited to IEEE 802.20, General Packet Radio Service (“GPRS”), Evolution Data Optimized (“Ev-DO”), Evolved High Speed Packet Access (“HSPA+”), Evolved High Speed Downlink Packet Access (“HSDPA+”), Evolved High Speed Uplink Packet Access (“HSUPA+”), Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (“EDGE”), Code Division Multiple Access (“CDMA”), Time Division Multiple Access (“TDMA”), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (“DECT”), Bluetooth, derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond.
- GPRS General Packet Radio Service
- Ev-DO Evolution Data Optimized
- HSPA+ High Speed Packet Access
- HSDPA+ Evolved High Speed Downlink Packet Access
- HSUPA+ Evolved High Speed Uplink Pack
- the computing device 800 may include a plurality of communication chips 806 .
- a first communication chip 806 may be dedicated to shorter range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and a second communication chip 806 may be dedicated to longer range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others.
- the computing device 800 may be a laptop, a netbook, a notebook, an ultrabook, a smart phone, a computing tablet, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), an ultra mobile PC, a mobile phone, a desktop computer, a server, a printer, a scanner, a monitor, a set-top box, an entertainment control unit (e.g., a gaming console), a digital camera, a portable music player, or a digital video recorder.
- the computing device 800 may be any other electronic device that processes data.
- Embodiments of apparatus, packages, computer-implemented methods, systems, devices, and computer-readable media are described herein for a TDF configured to ascertain that a first UE and a second UE are, potentially, sufficiently proximate to each other to wirelessly exchange data directly.
- the TDF may instruct an E-SMLC to obtain location change data associated with the first and second UEs.
- the TDF may determine, based on the location change data, whether the first and second UEs are sufficiently proximate to exchange data directly, and whether the first and second UEs are likely to remain proximate for at least a predetermined time interval.
- the TDF may cause the first and second UEs to commence D2D communication based on the determination.
- the location change data may include information about a velocity and/or acceleration of the first or second UE. In various embodiments, the location change data may include comprises information about a rate of change of relative locations of the first and second UEs.
- the TDF may instruct the E-SMLC to obtain the location change data via at least one of RRC or NAS signaling over a control plane of a RAN.
- the TDF may instruct an MME to cause the first and second UEs to commence D2D communication.
- the TDF may instruct the MME to use NAS signaling to instruct the first and second UEs to commence D2D communication.
- the TDF may instruct the E-SMLC using a direct signaling interface.
- the TDF may ascertain that the first and second UEs are, potentially, sufficiently proximate to each other to wirelessly exchange data directly based on a request from the first or second UE. In various embodiments, the TDF may ascertain that the first and second UEs are, potentially, sufficiently proximate to each other to wirelessly exchange data directly based on a request for location services from an eNB in communication with and/or serving the first or second UE.
- an eNB may be configured to obtain, from an E-SMLC, a request for location change data associated with a first UE or a second UE.
- the eNB may obtain, from the first or second UE using RRC and/or NAS signaling, the location change data.
- the eNB may provide the location change data to the E-SMLC.
- receipt of the request for location change data and provision of the location change data are direct to the E-SMLC, bypassing a MME.
- a system may include one or more processors, memory operably coupled to the one or more processors, and instructions in the memory that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to operate an E-SMLC.
- the E-SMLC may be configured to receive, from a TDF, a request for location change data associated with a first UE or a second UE.
- the E-SMLC may be configured to request, from the first UE, the second UE, or an eNB serving the first or second UE, the location change data.
- the E-SMLC may be configured to transmit the location change data to the TDF.
- the location change data may include information about a velocity of the first or second UE.
- the E-SMLC may be further configured to cause the eNB to obtain the location change data from the first or second UE using radio resource control signaling.
- the E-SMLC may be configured to receive the request from the TDF via an MME.
- the E-SMLC may be configured to receive the request directly from the TDF, bypassing an MME.
- the E-SMLC may include a Bluetooth transceiver.
- a UE may include processing circuitry to receive, from an eNB serving the UE, using at least one of RRC and NAS signaling, a request for location change data.
- the processing circuitry may be configured to provide, to the eNB using at least one of RRC and NAS signaling, the location change data.
- the processing circuitry may be configured to commence D2D communication with another UE served by the eNB responsive to a determination that the UE and the another UE are sufficiently proximate to exchange data directly and are likely to remain proximate for at least a predetermined time interval.
- the processing circuitry may be configured to commence the D2D communication with the another UE responsive to a command from a TDF.
Abstract
Description
Claims (20)
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