WO2005091768A2 - Quality evaluation for wireless communication networks - Google Patents
Quality evaluation for wireless communication networks Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005091768A2 WO2005091768A2 PCT/US2005/002572 US2005002572W WO2005091768A2 WO 2005091768 A2 WO2005091768 A2 WO 2005091768A2 US 2005002572 W US2005002572 W US 2005002572W WO 2005091768 A2 WO2005091768 A2 WO 2005091768A2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/06—Management of faults, events, alarms or notifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
- H04L41/0896—Bandwidth or capacity management, i.e. automatically increasing or decreasing capacities
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
- H04L43/0823—Errors, e.g. transmission errors
- H04L43/0829—Packet loss
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
- H04L43/0876—Network utilisation, e.g. volume of load or congestion level
- H04L43/0882—Utilisation of link capacity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
- H04W24/10—Scheduling measurement reports ; Arrangements for measurement reports
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/16—Central resource management; Negotiation of resources or communication parameters, e.g. negotiating bandwidth or QoS [Quality of Service]
- H04W28/18—Negotiating wireless communication parameters
- H04W28/22—Negotiating communication rate
Definitions
- Wireless communication networks for example wireless communication networks providing network access in a building or on a campus, are highly complex systems that serve a multitude of client devices using multiple access points.
- the network planner seeks to provide ubiquitous coverage, high throughput, and relatively even loading on the access points.
- a metric for assessing network quality In the course of performing either a manual or automatically operated optimization algorithm, such a metric will have to be evaluated numerous times. A requirement thus emerges for a network quality metric that requires only information that is relatively easy to assemble and input and can be evaluated relatively quickly for a given set of network parameters values, but yet provides a realistic estimate of likely performance of the network that corresponds to the user experience.
- Previous network planning tools and their associated metrics have been developed in the context of cellular telephone systems. By contrast, the wireless local area network (LAN) applications have different characteristics that change the nature of the network evaluation problem.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for evaluating wireless network quality.
- a metric provided by embodiments of the present invention relies on information that is relatively easy to collect, can be very efficiently computed, and yet provides a realistic estimate of likely wireless network performance.
- the input includes path loss data and access point transmitter power level and frequency settings.
- a capacity indicator is computed for each client and each access point.
- a data rate indicator is computed for each client location.
- the traffic load is computed for each access point.
- a bidirectional client throughput can be computed for each client and a combined metric can be determined for the network as a whole.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a method of assessing communication quality in a wireless network comprising a plurality of access points.
- the method includes: receiving as input path loss information indicating path losses between a selected client of said wireless network and said access points, based on said path loss information, determining a capacity indicator that estimates communication impairment for said client due to contention or collision, based on said path loss information, determining a data rate indicator that estimates an achievable data rate for communication by said selected client, determining a cell loading indicator that estimates communication impairment due to overloading of a cell occupied by said selected client, and, based on said capacity indicator, said data rate indicator, and said cell loading indicator, determining a client throughput.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart describing steps of evaluating communication quality for a selected client according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 depicts access point contention with other access points as evaluated by embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 3 depicts access point contention with clients as evaluated by embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 4 depicts access point collision with other access points as evaluated by embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 5 depicts client contention with access points other than an access point associated with the client as evaluated by embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 6 depicts client collisions with access points other than an access point associated with the client as evaluated by embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 1 is a flowchart describing steps of evaluating communication quality for a selected client according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 depicts access point contention with other access points as evaluated by embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 3 depicts access point contention with clients as evaluated by embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A depicts coverage metrics for different variants of the 802.11 standard according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Figs. 7B-7D depict data rate metrics for different variants of the 802.11 standard according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 8 depicts a cell loading metric according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 9 depicts a computer system useful in implementing embodiments of the present invention, DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described with reference to a representative wireless network that employs one of the IEEE 802.11 standards such as, e.g., 802.11a, 802.1 lb, 802.1 lg, or currently envisioned standards such as 802.1 In.
- a region to be covered by a wireless network is divided into cells with each cell having an access point. Clients are associated with a particular access point and can communicate to and from the network via that access point.
- a radio plan is developed for wireless LAN, the operator has control of at least two different parameters for each access point: the channel assignment and transmit power. The operator may also have control of other parameters such as the threshold for packet detection and allowed data rates.
- the goal of a radio planning algorithm is to find the access point settings that provide the best possible solution.
- the ideal solution is one that provides high overall network throughput, complete coverage of a particular space, and relatively even loading on the access points.
- a critical step in this process is evaluation of the quality of each possible solution.
- the quality evaluation should preferably take into account the following factors: 1. The channel of each access point and associated clients. 2. The transmit power of each access point and associated clients. 3. The sensitivity and required carrier to interference ratio for each possible physical layer data rate. 4. Contention and collision between access points and clients that occupy the same channel and that occupy adjacent channels. 5. Interference from access points that are not controlled by the operator. 6. The traffic load imposed on each access point by its clients. 7. The physical space to be covered. 8. The propagation characteristics of that physical space. 9. The data modes enabled at each access point.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide a metric that takes all these factors into account and quickly converts them into a measure of overall "goodness.”
- a radio planning algorithm can then efficiently search through different possible combinations of access point settings and find a globally optimal, or at least a very good, solution.
- Fig. 1 is a flow chart describing steps of evaluating communication quality for the communication network according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the metric evaluation procedure receives input specifying path losses and access point settings.
- the path loss values indicate the path attenuation from a series of walkabout points to each access point as well as the attenuations between access points. Some of the walkabout points will correspond to actual client locations or be used as proxies for client locations in the calculations that follow.
- the path loss values are preferably based on actual measurements rather than on propagation modeling.
- the access point settings include the channels of operation. For example, in one implementation, the channel set (1, 6, 11) is specified for each access point. It is also possible for the input to specify a particular channel set among several selections including, e.g. (1, 6, 11), (1, 4, 8, 11), or (1, 4, 6, 8, 11).
- the access point settings may also include a list of allowed data rates since access points may be configured to operate only in a subset of possible data rate modes.
- a series of steps following step 102 are performed iterative ly for each client.
- the term "client" as used herein is taken to also include walkabout locations taken as proxies for clients.
- Step 104 determines a bi-directional capacity indicator for a selected client.
- the bi-directional capacity indicator measures impairment due to likely contention or collision situations. Details of computing the bi-directional capacity for a selected client are described in detail below.
- the computation of the bi-directional capacity indicator incorporates an upstream capacity computation for the client and a downstream capacity computation for the access point the client is associated with.
- a step 106 determines a data rate indicator for the selected client. The received signal strength is mapped into a rate of data transfer between the client and the access point. Each possible data rate has a signal level above which data can be transferred reliably. The received signal strength is mapped to a physical layer data rate using a lookup table. That physical layer data rate is then converted into a MAC layer data rate using a lookup table such as the one that follows.
- Figs. 7B-7D graphically illustrate the relationships between receiver sensitivities and data rates for 802.1 la, 802.1 lb, and 802.1 lg, respectively.
- the mapping of the physical layer data rate into the MAC layer data rate depends on the average packet size and the MAC protocol being used. Therefore the network performance can be optimized for voice (short 100 to 200 byte packets) or for large TCP-IP transfers (1536 byte packets).
- the above table and Figs. 7B-7D are for a typical packet mix with a mean packet size of 364 bytes.
- a step 108 determines a cell loading indicator for the selected client.
- the cell loading indicator for a client is in fact a cell loading indicator of the access point to which it is associated.
- the cell loading indicator accounts for a throughput drop that results when too many clients are associated to a single access point.
- the user of the evaluation procedure defines the maximum number of clients that can be associated to a single access point without performance degradation. Up to that maximum number, no degradation is experienced while beyond that number, the cell loading metric falls off proportionally to 1/ (number of associated clients). Further details of cell loading are explained below.
- the capacity, data rate, and cell loading indicators are used to provide a measure of the data throughput of each client.
- At step 110 determines a scaled client capacity for a selected client.
- Client Throughput Client Bidirectional Capacity Indicator* Client Data Rate* Cell Loading Indicator.
- the client throughput provides an estimate of the mean rate of data transfer between the client and its access point.
- the reciprocal provides a measure of the amount of time it will take to transfer large data records to and from a particular client.
- a step 112 tests whether the calculations of steps 104-110 have been done for all clients in the network. If there are further clients for which to compute the appropriate indicators, step 114 picks the next client as the selected client and then execution returns to step 104. If scaled client capacity has been determined for all of the clients, then the metric computation reaches step 116 where a total combined metric for the network is determined.
- the combined quality metric is preferably defined as: 1 1 / client throughput all clients
- the above combined metric is not exactly the same as the total network capacity.
- the combined metric gives more weight to client locations with poor performance than those with good performance.
- a network where 90% of the clients can receive 11 Mbps and 10% of the clients can receive nothing is penalized as compared to a network where 80% of the clients receive 11 Mbps, 0% receive 5.5 Mbps, and 10% receive 1 Mbps.
- a total network capacity may be determined as a mean of all of the scaled client throughputs times the total number of access points in the network: Capacity Details Capacity is defined for each access point, for each client location, and for the entire network.
- the presently described evaluation procedure only takes into account the first 5 types of contention and collision.
- the use of the scaling factors Pu and P D within the capacity calculations allows results based on only the first 5 types of contention and collision to serve as a realistic estimate of the desired capacity indicator.
- the downstream capacity of an access point is calculated as its ability to transmit downstream data in the presence of interference from other access points and clients from other cells.
- the access point capacity is expressed as a quotient where the numerator is always 1. In an ideal case, the denominator is also 1, but co-channel interference from other cells will increase the value of the denominator.
- Fig. 2 shows access point contention with other access points. All 5 access points operate on the same channel and the receiver sensitivity for the minimum data rate mode is -85 dBm.
- the arrows show the received signal strengths at AP o for co-channel transmission by the other access points. The received signal levels are derived from the path losses and transmission powers that were input to the evaluation procedure.
- Signals transmitted by APi, AP , and AP 4 are all at -80 dBm, 5 dB above the receiver sensitivity of AiV Since APo will hear these transmission before it attempts to transmit, APo will not transmit when any of these three access points are transmitting. By contrast, signals transmitted from AP 2 arrive at AP 0 at -90 dBm, below the receiver sensitivity threshold. Therefore, contention with AP 2 will not degrade the downstream throughput.
- the degradation indicator for this type of contention is computed to be: P d *No_AP_Contend where P is the probability of the contending access point wants to transmit, nominally set to 0.
- No_AP_Contend the number of transmitting access points that can be received by the access point of interest, 3 in our example.
- Fig. 3 shows downstream traffic degradation due to contention with clients associated with other access points.
- io and Li - are associated with APi
- L 2 0 and L 2 ⁇ are associated with AP 2
- L 30 , L 31 , and L 32 are associated with AP 3
- L o and L 4 ⁇ are associatde with AP 4 .
- the sensitivity of APo is -85 dBm so transmissions from Lio, Lj 1 , L 3 ⁇ , L 40 , L 4
- the quantitative measure of degradation caused by each potentially colliding client is calculated as: Pi/Number of clients in the same cell.
- AP 2 could be transmitting simultaneously with APo since APo will not know to delay its transmission. If the signal from AP 2 is strong enough to corrupt reception at the clients associated with APo, AP 2 's transmissions will potentially collide with downstream traffic from APo. The potential for collision is based on the needed carrier to interference ratio. This is determined by first calculating the received signal strengths at the access point and the client, then determining the physical layer data rate and required carrier to interference ratio by reference to a look- up table. Referring now to Fig. 4, if the clients Loo and L 01 are operating in a data mode that requires 15 dB carrier to interference ratio, Loo will experience collisions from AP 2 while L 01 will not.
- the first client, Loo receives a signal of -80 dBm from APo and it receives an interfering signal of -80 dBm from AP 2 .
- the carrier to interference ratio is therefore 0 dB, and Loo will therefore experience a collision.
- the client Loi receives a signal of -80 dBm from APo and an interfering signal of -100 dBm from AP 2 , resulting in a carrier to interference ratio of 20 dB, sufficient to avoid a collision.
- the degradation caused by these access point collisions from another access point is calculated as follows: ⁇ > number of clients experiencing collisions from other access points ot h er a p po i nt * number of clients in cell
- Upstream client capacity can be degraded by contention from other access points as well as collision from other access points.
- Client contention from other access points occurs when signals transmitted from other cells arrive at the client and lead the client to believe its channel is busy, causing the client to delay transmission.
- Client collision from other access points is caused when signals transmitted from access points in other cells arrive at sufficiently weak levels such that the client transmits simultaneously, however, the carrier to interference ratio at the client's associated access point is too low for successful data recovery there.
- the client upstream capacity computation employs a ratio where the numerator is one and the denominator is one plus a sum of degradation indicators.
- Fig. 5 depicts client contention with other access points.
- the client at location Loo wants to transmit data to APo however, it can detect signals transmitted from APi, AP 2 , and AP 3 . It cannot hear signals transmitted from AP 4 . Whenever APi, AP 2 , and AP 3 are transmitting, Loo delays transmission.
- the degradation caused by contention from other access points is evaluated to be equal to the number of access points from other cells that can be detected at the client. In this example, for Loo, the degradation is 3.
- Fig. 6 depicts client collisions with access points other than the one it is associated to. Client L 0 o hears signals transmitted from APi, AP 2 , and AP 3 so it will delay transmission. However, Loo will not hear signals transmitted from AP so there is a potential for a collision.
- the signal arrives at -80 dBm. If AP transmit simultaneously, the carrier to interference ratio for the received client signal is 0 dB, insufficient for successful data recovery.
- the indicator for this type of degradation is computed to be 2 multiplied by the number of access points capable of causing a collision. An access point is capable of causing a collision if the signal from that access point received at the client's associated access point causes the received client signal carrier to interference ratio to fall below the threshold necessary for accurate reception. In this example, this expression is equal to 2 since there is one such access point capable of causing a collision.
- the total bidirectional client capacity is then: Associated Access Point Capacity* P + Client Upstream capacity* P u Where P d is nominally 0.8 and P u is nominally 0.2. In this example, the result is
- the mean client capacity is the average upstream client capacity for the clients associated with the access point of a cell.
- Cell Loading is a measure of degradation caused by an excessive number of clients in a cell potentially contending for the same channel. The exact number of clients that can successfully share a channel in a cell depends on separately generated usage models. A parameter generated by such a usage model is max_clients which is the maximum number of clients in a cell before performance suffers as determined by the usage model. An additional parameter to be entered by the operator is mean_clients which is equal to the average number of clients in each cell.
- EST_CLIENTS (number of walkabout points in cell/total number of walkabout points)* mean_ clients.
- the overall metric by being a product of capacity, data rate, and cell loading, takes into account interference from other cells, the strength of received signals, and contention within the cell.
- the adjustment of wireless network operation parameters involves a tradeoff between two factors. As power increases, the ability of each access point to transfer data at the highest possible data rate improves. However, interference between cells operating on the same channel also increases.
- the metric of network quality provided by embodiments of the present invention facilitates finding the optimal point in that tradeoff. Since the metric is calculated readily using measured data, operation of the parameter search algorithm is facilitated. Also, by use of this metric, optical network performance will be obtained since what is being minimized is the meantime for data transfer to and from the clients. Significant advantages are provided over planning tools that rely on propagation modeling.
- Coverage is defined in this context as a unitless measure of available physical layer data rate between the client and the access point to which it is associated under the relevant operative protocols.
- the coverage metric is zero.
- a signal strength from the access point to the selected client is several dB above the sensitivity of the maximum configure data rate mode, it is very likely that information can be transmitted at the highest data rate, so the coverage metric is one. Signal strengths between those two levels are mapped into a coverage metric by a linear function. Further details of computation of the coverage indicator will now be given.
- the coverage metric uses the signal strength from the access points that produce the strongest and second strongest received signals at the selected client. This takes into account that in a heavily loaded network, association requests may sometimes be denied to clients, causing an association request to another access point.
- Fig. 7A illustrates coverage metrics for various 802.11 modulation types.
- Fig. 9 shows a system block diagram of computer system 900 that may be used to execute software of embodiments of the present invention.
- Computer system 900 includes memory 902 which can be utilized to store and retrieve software programs incorporating computer code that implements aspects of the invention., data for use with the invention, and the like.
- Exemplary computer-readable storage media include CD-ROMs, floppy discs, tape, flash memories, system memories, and hard drives.
- Computer system 900 further includes subsystems such as central processor 904, fixed storage 906 and removable storage 908, and one or more network interfaces 910. Other computer systems suitable for use with the present invention may include additional or fewer subsystems.
- computer system 900 may also incorporate a display for displaying results and/or a keyboard for accepting input.
- the system bus architecture of computer system 900 is represented by arrows
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Priority Applications (3)
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EP05706107A EP1730888A4 (en) | 2004-03-01 | 2005-01-19 | Quality evaluation for wireless communication networks |
US10/597,583 US20110172110A1 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2005-01-19 | Tracers and assembly for labeling chemical or biological molecules methods and kits using the same |
CA002558138A CA2558138A1 (en) | 2004-03-01 | 2005-01-19 | Quality evaluation for wireless communication networks |
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US10/791,466 US7197013B2 (en) | 2004-03-01 | 2004-03-01 | Quality evaluation for wireless communication networks |
US10/791,466 | 2004-03-01 |
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EP (1) | EP1730888A4 (en) |
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KR100513174B1 (en) * | 2002-12-02 | 2005-09-07 | 한국전자통신연구원 | Estimation apparatus of cell coverage with interference model and method thereof |
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WO2004100570A2 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2004-11-18 | Centillium Communications, Inc. | Automatic mode selection in annex c |
-
2004
- 2004-03-01 US US10/791,466 patent/US7197013B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-01-19 EP EP05706107A patent/EP1730888A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-01-19 CA CA002558138A patent/CA2558138A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-01-19 WO PCT/US2005/002572 patent/WO2005091768A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (2)
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EP1178694A1 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2002-02-06 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Methods and apparatus for design, adjustment or operation of wireless networks using pre-frequency-assignment optimization |
WO2002035872A1 (en) | 2000-10-27 | 2002-05-02 | Telecom Italia S.P.A. | System and method for planning a telecommunications network for mobile terminals |
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Title |
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MENOLASCINO R. ET AL., SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR THE OPTIMISATION OF RESOURCES IN MOBILE SYSTEMS, April 1999 (1999-04-01), Retrieved from the Internet <URL:ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/infowin/docs/fr-016.pdf> |
See also references of EP1730888A4 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2558138A1 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
EP1730888A4 (en) | 2011-11-09 |
WO2005091768A3 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
EP1730888A2 (en) | 2006-12-13 |
US20050190732A1 (en) | 2005-09-01 |
US7197013B2 (en) | 2007-03-27 |
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