WO2016196863A1

WO2016196863A1 - Modular location tag for a real time location system network

Info

Publication number: WO2016196863A1
Application number: PCT/US2016/035614
Authority: WO
Inventors: Edward A. Richley; Belinda Turner; Jill STELFOX; James J. O'hagan; Aitan Ameti; Alexander MUEGGENBORG
Original assignee: Zih Corp.
Priority date: 2015-06-05
Filing date: 2016-06-03
Publication date: 2016-12-08
Also published as: GB201719338D0; GB2556470A; GB2556470B

Abstract

A modular location tag, method of manufacture, and method of use thereof are provided. The modular location tag including a controller including a microcontroller configured to generate a data packet and a two or more individual transmit modules in data communication with the controller such that each individual transmit module is configured to transmit the data packet, each individual transmit module including an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet on ultra-wideband (UWB) blink data pulses. The controller causes substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules encourage reliable receipt of the UWB blink data pulses at one or more of a plurality of receivers.

Description

MODULAR LOCATION TAG FOR A REAL TIME LOCATION SYSTEM

NETWORK

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[1] This application is a continuation-in-part of United States Patent

Application No. 14/205,216, filed March 11, 2014, which claims priority to and the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/831,990, filed June 6, 2013, the contents of each are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

FIELD

[2] Embodiments discussed herein are related to radio frequency locating and, more particularly, a modular location tag for a real time location system (RTLS) network.

BACKGROUND

[3] A number of deficiencies and problems associated with location tags used in RTLS networks are identified herein. Through applied effort, ingenuity, and innovation, exemplary solutions to many of these identified problems are embodied by the present invention, which is described in detail below.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[4] A modular location tag, method of manufacture, and method of use thereof may be disclosed. In an embodiment, a modular location tag may be provided including a controller including a microcontroller configured to generate a data packet and two or more individual transmit modules in data communication with the controller such that each individual transmit module is configured to transmit the data packet, each individual transmit module including an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet on ultra-wideband (UWB) blink data pulses. The controller may cause substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules to encourage reliable receipt of the UWB blink data pulses at one or more of a plurality of receivers.

[5] In an example embodiment, the modular location tag may also include cables providing data communication between pulse generator the respective individual transmit modules of the two or more individual transmit modules and the microcontroller of the controller; and the cables define a common length. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses may be based at least in part on the common length of the cables. In some example embodiments of the modular location tag, the cables may be disposed within an impact absorbent material. In an example embodiment of the modular location tag the cables may each comprise a plurality of flexible cables. In an example embodiment of the modular location tag, component based signal delays of the respective individual transmit modules of the two or more individual transmit modules may be matched. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses may be based at least in part on the matched component based signal delays. In some example embodiments of the modular location tag, the microcontroller may be further configured to trigger the transmission of the UWB blink data pulses based on component based signal delays associated with the respective individual transmit modules component. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses may be based at least in part on the triggering of the transmission of the UWB blink data pulses. [6] In an example embodiment of the modular location tag, the controller or the two or more individual transmit modules may be encased in an impact resistant enclosure. In some example embodiments of the modular location tag, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back. A first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the front the participant and a second transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the back of the participant. In an example embodiment of the modular location tag, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a right front portion of the participant. A second transmit module of the individual transmits modules is configured to be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module of the individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back left portion of the participant.

[7] In an example embodiment of the modular location tag, the controller and two or more transmit modules may be incorporated into a participant protective equipment. In some example embodiments of the modular location tag, the controller and the two or more transmit modules may be incorporated into a participant clothing. In an example of the modular location tag, the controller may be mounted to a participant belt. [8] In an example embodiment, the modular location tag may also include an environmental sensor in data communication with the microcontroller. The microcontroller may be further configured to receive environmental data from the environmental sensor. In an example embodiment of the modular location tag, the environmental sensor may be an accelerometer. In an example embodiment of this modular location tag, the controller drives the substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses at a first blink data pulse rate based on the accelerometer outputting an accelerometer data value at a first value and at a second blink data pulse rate based on the accelerometer outputting an accelerometer data at a second value. In some example embodiments of modular location tag, the environmental sensor may be at least one of a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer.

[9] In another example embodiment, a method of manufacturing a modular location tag may be provided including providing a controller including a microcontroller configured to generate a data packet and providing two or more individual transmit modules in data communication with the controller such that each individual transmit module is configured to transmit the data packet, each individual transmit module including an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet on ultra-wideband (UWB) blink data pulses. The controller may cause substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules encourage reliable receipt of the UWB blink data pulses at one or more of a plurality of receivers. [10] In an example embodiment, the method of manufacturing a modular location tag may also include providing cables providing data communication between the respective individual transmit modules of the plurality of individual transmit modules and the microcontroller of the controller, the cables define a common length. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses may be based at least in part on the common length of the cables. In an example embodiment of this method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the cables may be disposed within an impact absorbent material. In some example embodiments of this method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the cables each comprise a plurality of flexible cables.

[11] In an example embodiment of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, component based signal delays of the respective individual transmit modules of the two or more transmit modules may be matched. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses may be based at least in part on the matched component based signal delays. In some example embodiments of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the microcontroller may be further configured to trigger transmission of the UWB blink data pulses based on component based signal delays associated with the respective individual transmit modules. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses may be based at least in part on the triggering of the transmission of the UWB blink data pulses [12] In an example embodiment of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the controller or the two or more individual transmit modules may be encased in an impact resistant enclosure. In some embodiments of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back. A first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the front the participant and a second transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the back of the participant. In an example embodiment of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back. A first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module of the individual transmits modules is configured to be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module of the individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back left portion of the participant.

[13] In an example embodiment of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules may be incorporated into a participant protective equipment. In some example embodiment of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules may be incorporated into a participant clothing. In an example embodiment of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the controller may be mounted to a participant belt.

[14] In an example embodiment, the method of manufacturing a modular location tag may also include providing an environmental sensor in data communication with the microcontroller. The microcontroller may be further configured to receive environmental data from the environmental sensor. In an example embodiment of this method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the environmental sensor may be an accelerometer. In some example embodiments of this method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the controller drives the substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses at a first rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data value at a first rate and at a second rate based on the accelerometer outputting an accelerometer data at a second value. In some embodiments of the method of manufacturing a modular location tag, the environmental sensor may be at least one of a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer.

[15] In a further embodiment, a method may be provided including generating, by a microcontroller of a controller, a data packet and causing the transmission of the data packet on ultra-wideband (UWB) blink data pulses from two or more individual transmit modules. Each of the individual transmit module may include an antenna and pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet and may be in data communication with the controller. The controller may cause substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules to encourage reliable receipt of the receipt of the UWB blink data pulses at one or more of a plurality of receivers.

[16] In an example embodiment of the method, cables which define a common length provide data communication between the two or more individual transmit modules and the microcontroller. In some example embodiments of the method, the cables may be disposed within an impact absorbent material. In an example embodiment of the method, the cables each comprise a plurality of flexible cables.

[17] In an example embodiment of the method component based signal delays of the plurality of individual transmit modules may be matched. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses may be based at least in part on the matched component based signal delays. In some example embodiments of the method, the microcontroller may be configured to trigger the transmission of the UWB blink data pulses based on component based signal delays associated with the respective individual transmit modules.

[18] In some example embodiments of the method, the controller or the two or more individual transmit modules may be encased in an impact resistant enclosure. In an example embodiment, the method may also include mounting the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back. A first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the front the participant and a second transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the back of the participant. In some example embodiments, the method may also include, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back. A first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module of the individual transmits modules is configured to be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module of the individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back left portion of the participant.

[19] In an example embodiment of the method, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules may be incorporated into a participant protective equipment. In some example embodiments of the method, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules may be incorporated into a participant clothing. In an example embodiment of the method, the controller may be mounted to a participant belt.

[20] In an example embodiment, the method may also include receiving environmental data from an environmental sensor. In an example embodiment of this method, the environmental sensor may be an accelerometer. In some example embodiments of this method, the controller drives the substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses at a first blink data pulse rate based on the accelerometer outputting an accelerometer data value at a first value and at a second blink data pulse rate based on the accelerometer outputting an accelerometer data at a second value. In an example embodiment of the method, the environmental sensor may be at least one of a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, and a pedometer.

[21] In a further example embodiment, a wearable modular location tag system is provided including a wearable article including a controller support and at least two transmitter supports, a controller, supported within the controller support, comprising a microcontroller configured to generate a data packet, two or more individual transmit modules, supported within the two or more transmitter supports, in data communication with the controller such that each individual transmit module is configured to transmit the data packet, each individual transmit module comprising an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet on ultra- wideband (UWB) blink data pulses. The controller is disposed between the at least two individual transmit modules and causes substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules to encourage reliable receipt of the UWB blink data pulses at one or more of a plurality of receivers.

[22] In an example embodiment, the wearable location tag system also includes cables providing data communication between the pulse generators of the respective individual transmit modules of the two or more individual transmit modules and the microcontroller of the controller, wherein the cables define a common length. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses is based at least in part on the common length of the cables. In some example embodiments of the wearable modular location tag system, the cables are disposed within an impact absorbent material.

[23] In an example embodiment of the wearable location tag system the cables each comprise a plurality of flexible cables. In some example embodiments of the wearable modular location tag system, component based signal delays of the respective individual transmit modules of the two or more individual transmit modules are matched. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses is based at least in part on the matched component based signal delays.

[24] In an example embodiment of the wearable location tag system, the microcontroller is further configured to trigger the transmission of the UWB blink data pulses based on component based signal delays associated with the respective individual transmit modules. The substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses is based at least in part on the triggering of the transmission of the UWB blink data pulses. In some example embodiments of the wearable modular location tag system, the controller or two or more of individual transmit modules are encased in an impact resistant enclosure.

[25] In an example embodiment of the wearable location tag system, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the front the participant and a second transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the back of the participant.

[26] In some example embodiments of the wearable modular location tag system, the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module of the individual transmits modules is configured to be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module of the individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back left portion of the participant. In an example embodiment of the wearable location tag system, the controller and two or more transmit modules are incorporated into a participant protective equipment. [27] In some example embodiments of the wearable modular location tag system, the controller and the two or more transmit modules are incorporated into a participant clothing. In an example embodiment of the wearable location tag system the controller is mounted to a participant belt. In some example embodiments, the wearable modular location tag system also includes an environmental sensor in data communication with the microcontroller. The microcontroller is further configured to receive environmental data from the environmental sensor.

[28] In an example embodiment of the wearable location tag system the environmental sensor is an accelerometer. In some example embodiments of the wearable modular location tag system, the controller drives the substantially simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses at a first rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data value at a first rate and at a second rate based on the accelerometer outputting an accelerometer data at a second value. In an example embodiment of the wearable location tag system the environmental sensor is at least one of a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

[29] Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:

[30] Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary real time location system in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention; [31] Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary modular location tag diagram in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;

[32] Figures 3 A illustrates an exemplary modular location tag block diagram in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;

[33] Figures 3B-3D illustrate block diagrams of example input and output of receivers and sensor receivers in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;

[34] Figures 4 illustrates a modular location tag modular diagram with protective components in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;

[35] Figure 5 illustrates a diagram of a modular location tag mounted on a participant in accordance with some example embodiments of the present invention;

[36] Figure 6 illustrates a photograph of the exemplary transmit module and cable in accordance with some of the example embodiments of the present invention;

[37] Figure 7 illustrates a photograph of a representative depiction of a protective shell in accordance with some example embodiments of the present invention;

[38] Figure 8 illustrates a photograph of a representation of a transmit module in a protective shell and protective overmold around the cable in accordance with some example embodiments of the present invention;

[39] Figure 9 illustrates a photograph of an elastomer protective overmold with insert slots for the transmit modules in accordance with some example embodiments of the present invention; [40] Figure 10 illustrates a photograph of the approximate placement of the controller in accordance with some example embodiments of the present invention;

[41] Figure 11 illustrates an example arrangement of a plurality of tags on an individual, in accordance with some example embodiments of the present invention;

[42] Figure 12 illustrates a flowchart for a process of manufacturing a modular location tag in accordance with some of the example embodiments of the present invention; and

[43] Figure 13 illustrates a flowchart for a process for transmission of data packets from a modular location tag in accordance with some of the example embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[44] The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the inventions are shown. Indeed, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

Overview

[45] Radio frequency (RF) location systems generally use a single RF location tag or redundant RF location tag pair mounted at an elevated point on the tracked object or participant, such as the ears of livestock, shoulders of sports participants, top of boxes, or the like. However, the single RF location tag or redundant RF location tag pair in similar mounting locations, may be easily blocked, such as by a huddle (e.g., a huddle in American football), a water cooler, building column, the object or participant themselves, or the like.

[46] Some radio frequency locating systems which utilize RFID transmissions from a RF location tag mounted to a tracked object or participant may suffer from missed data transmissions. The RF location systems may perform optimally only when there is a direct line of sight between the RF location tag and a plurality of receivers. In instances in which the object is shielded by building components, objects, animals, or people, the RFID tag transmission may not be received reliably by a sufficient number or distribution of receivers. In some cases only a delayed reflection is received, resulting in missed or inaccurate receipt of the RFID transmission. Since the time of fight measured by the time of arrival of the RFID transmission is used to determine the location of the tag in some examples, the RF location system will not be able to calculate an accurate location for a RF location tag for the period during which the RF location tag is shielded, e.g. blocked from some receivers.

[47] In an example embodiment, a modular location tag may be provided which includes two or more transmitters, (e.g. transmit modules), controlled from a single controller. Figures 2-10 illustrate example modular location tags as types of RF location tags in accordance with example embodiments of the present invention. The transmit modules may be placed in opposing locations on the tracked object or participant, such as the back and chest of a sports participant. In an instance in which the participants chest transmit module is blocked the back transmit module may not be blocked. By transmitting from two or more opposed points on a tracked object or participant, the RF location system is likely to miss fewer location tag transmissions and therefore render more accurate location calculations. In other words, the RFID transmissions may be received by multiple receivers regardless of the orientation of the object or participant.

[48] Additionally, in an instance in which the receiver central processor/hub is configured to use the first arrival of blink data from a RF location tag for location calculations, the calculated tag location may be more accurate, since there is a greater likelihood of a clear line of sight between at least one transmit module and a respective receiver. Therefore reflected RFID transmission may be excluded from the tag location calculation.

Example Real Time Locating System

[49] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary locating system 100 useful for calculating a location by an accumulation of location data or time of arrivals (TOAs) at a central processor/hub 108, whereby the TOAs represent a relative time of flight (TOF) from RF location tags 102 as recorded at each receiver 106 (e.g., UWB reader, etc.). A timing reference clock is used, in some examples, such that at least a subset of the receivers 106 may be synchronized in frequency, whereby the relative TO A data associated with each of the RF location tags 102 may be registered by a counter associated with at least a subset of the receivers 106. In some examples, a reference tag 104, preferably a UWB transmitter, positioned at known coordinates, is used to determine a phase offset between the counters associated with at least a subset of the receivers 106. The RF location tags 102 and the reference tags 104 reside in an active RTLS field. The systems described herein may be referred to as either "multilateration" or "geolocation" systems, terms that refer to the process of locating a signal source by solving an error minimization function of a location estimate determined by the difference in time of arrival (DTOA) between TOA signals received at multiple receivers 106.

[50] In some examples, the system comprising at least the RF location tags 102 and the receivers 106 is configured to provide two dimensional and/or three dimensional precision localization (e.g., subfoot resolutions), even in the presence of multipath interference, due in part to the use of short nanosecond duration pulses whose TOF can be accurately determined using detection circuitry, such as in the receivers 106, which can trigger on the leading edge of a received waveform. In some examples, this short pulse characteristic allows necessary data to be conveyed by the system at a higher peak power, but lower average power levels, than a wireless system configured for high data rate communications, yet still operate within local regulatory requirements.

[51] In some examples, to provide a preferred performance level while complying with the overlap of regulatory restrictions (e.g. FCC and ETSI regulations), the tags 102 may operate with an instantaneous -3dB bandwidth of approximately 400 MHz and an average transmission below 187 pulses in a 1 msec interval, provided that the packet rate is sufficiently low. In such examples, the predicted maximum range of the system, operating with a center frequency of 6.55 GHz, is roughly 200 meters in instances in which a 12 dBi directional antenna is used at the receiver, but the projected range will depend, in other examples, upon receiver antenna gain. Alternatively or additionally, the range of the system allows for one or more tags 102 to be detected with one or more receivers positioned throughout a football stadium used in a professional football context. Such a configuration advantageously satisfies constraints applied by regulatory bodies related to peak and average power densities (e.g., effective isotropic radiated power density ("EIRP")), while still optimizing system performance related to range and interference. In further examples, tag transmissions with a -3dB bandwidth of approximately 400 MHz yields, in some examples, an instantaneous pulse width of roughly 2-2.5 nanoseconds that enables a location resolution to better than 30 centimeters.

[52] Referring again to FIG. 1, the object to be located has an attached tag 102, preferably a tag having a UWB transmitter, that transmits a burst (e.g., multiple pulses at a 1 Mb/s burst rate, such as 112 bits of On-Off keying (OOK) at a rate of 1 Mb/s), and optionally, a burst comprising an information packet utilizing OOK that may include, but is not limited to, ID information, a sequential burst count or other desired information for object or personnel identification, inventory control, etc. In some examples, the sequential burst count (e.g., a packet sequence number) from each tag 102 may be advantageously provided in order to permit, at a Central Processor/Hub 108, correlation of TO A measurement data from various receivers 106.

[53] In some examples, the tag 102 may employ UWB waveforms (e.g., low data rate waveforms) to achieve extremely fine resolution because of their extremely short pulse (i.e., sub-nanosecond to nanosecond, such as a 2 nsec (1 nsec up and 1 nsec down)) durations. As such, the information packet may be of a short length (e.g. 112 bits of OOK at a rate of 1 Mb/sec, in some example embodiments), that advantageously enables a higher packet rate. If each information packet is unique, a higher packet rate results in a higher data rate; if each information packet is transmitted repeatedly, the higher packet rate results in a higher packet repetition rate. In some examples, higher packet repetition rate (e.g., 12 Hz) and/or higher data rates (e.g., 1 Mb/sec, 2 Mb/sec or the like) for each tag may result in larger datasets for filtering to achieve a more accurate location estimate and resolve finer motion. Alternatively or additionally, in some examples, the shorter length of the information packets, in conjunction with other packet rate, data rates, and other system requirements, may also result in a longer battery life (e.g., 7 years battery life at a transmission rate of 1 Hz with a 300mAh cell, in some present embodiments).

[54] Tag signals may be received at a receiver directly from RF location tags, or may be received after being reflected en route. Reflected signals travel a longer path from the RF location tag to the receiver than would a direct signal, and are thus received later than the corresponding direct signal. This delay is known as an echo delay or multipath delay. If reflected signals are sufficiently strong enough to be detected by the receiver, they can corrupt a data transmission through inter-symbol interference. In some examples, the tag 102 may employ UWB waveforms to achieve extremely fine resolution because of their extremely short pulse (e.g., 2 nsec) durations. Furthermore, signals may comprise short information packets (e.g., 112 bits of OOK) at a somewhat high burst data rate (1 Mb/sec, in some example embodiments), that advantageously enable packet durations to be brief (e.g. 112 microsec) while allowing inter-pulse times (e.g., 998 nsec) sufficiently longer than expected echo delays, avoiding data corruption.

[55] Reflected signals can be expected to become weaker as delay increases due to more reflections and the longer distances traveled. Thus, beyond some value of inter-pulse time (e.g., 998 nsec), corresponding to some path length difference (e.g., 299.4 m.), there will be no advantage to further increases in inter-pulse time (and, hence lowering of burst data rate) for any given level of transmit power. In this manner, minimization of packet duration allows the battery life of a tag to be maximized, since its digital circuitry need only be active for a brief time. It will be understood that different environments can have different expected echo delays, so that different burst data rates and, hence, packet durations, may be appropriate in different situations depending on the environment.

[56] Minimization of the packet duration also allows a tag to transmit more packets in a given time period, although in practice, regulatory average EIRP limits may often provide an overriding constraint. However, brief packet duration also reduces the likelihood of packets from multiple tags overlapping in time, causing a data collision. Thus, minimal packet duration allows multiple tags to transmit a higher aggregate number of packets per second, allowing for the largest number of tags to be tracked, or a given number of tags to be tracked at the highest rate.

[57] In one non-limiting example, a data packet length of 112 bits (e.g., OOK encoded), transmitted at a data rate of IMb/sec (1 MHz), may be implemented with a transmit tag repetition rate of 1 transmission per second (1 TX/sec). Such an implementation may accommodate a battery life of up to seven years, wherein the battery itself may be, for example, a compact, 3 -volt coin cell of the series no. BR2335 (Rayovac), with a battery charge rating of 300 mAhr. An alternate implementation may be a generic compact, 3-volt coin cell, series no. CR2032, with a battery charge rating of 220 mAhr, whereby the latter generic coin cell, as can be appreciated, may provide for a shorter battery life.

[58] Alternatively or additionally, some applications may require higher transmit tag repetition rates to track a dynamic environment. In some examples, the transmit tag repetition rate may be 12 transmissions per second (12 TX/sec). In such applications, it can be further appreciated that the battery life may be shorter.

[59] The high burst data transmission rate (e.g., 1 MHz), coupled with the short data packet length (e.g., 112 bits) and the relatively low repetition rates (e.g., 1 TX/sec), provide for two distinct advantages in some examples: (1) a greater number of tags may transmit independently from the field of tags with a lower collision probability, and/or (2) each independent tag transmit power may be increased, with proper consideration given to a battery life constraint, such that a total energy for a single data packet is less than a regulated average power for a given time interval (e.g., a 1 msec time interval for an FCC regulated transmission).

[60] Alternatively or additionally, additional sensor or telemetry data may be transmitted from the tag to provide the receivers 106 with information about the environment and/or operating conditions of the tag. For example, the tag may transmit a temperature to the receivers 106. Such information may be valuable, for example, in a system involving perishable goods or other refrigerant requirements. In this example embodiment, the temperature may be transmitted by the tag at a lower repetition rate than that of the rest of the data packet. For example, the temperature may be transmitted from the tag to the receivers at a rate of one time per minute (e.g., 1 TX/min.), or in some examples, once every 720 times the data packet is transmitted, whereby the data packet in this example is transmitted at an example rate of 12 TX/sec.

[61] Alternatively or additionally, the tag 102 may be programmed to intermittently transmit data to the receivers 106 in response to a signal from a magnetic command transmitter (not shown). The magnetic command transmitter may be a portable device, functioning to transmit a 125 kHz signal, in some example embodiments, with a range of approximately 15 feet or less, to one or more of the tags 102. In some examples, the tags 102 may be equipped with at least a receiver tuned to the magnetic command transmitter transmit frequency (e.g., 125 kHz) and functional antenna to facilitate reception and decoding of the signal transmitted by the magnetic command transmitter.

[62] In some examples, one or more other tags, such as a reference tag 104, may be positioned within and/or about a monitored region. In some examples, the reference tag 104 may be configured to transmit a signal that is used to measure the relative phase (e.g., the count of free-running counters) of non-resettable counters within the receivers 106.

[63] One or more (e.g., preferably four or more) receivers 106 are also positioned at predetermined coordinates within and/or around the monitored region. In some examples, the receivers 106 may be connected in a "daisy chain" fashion to advantageously allow for a large number of receivers 106 to be interconnected over a significant monitored region in order to reduce and simplify cabling, provide power, and/or the like. Each of the receivers 106 includes a receiver for receiving transmissions, such as UWB transmissions, and preferably, a packet decoding circuit that extracts a time of arrival (TO A) timing pulse train, transmitter ID, packet number, and/or other information that may have been encoded in the tag transmission signal (e.g., material description, personnel information, etc.) and is configured to sense signals transmitted by the tags 102 and one or more reference tags 104.

[64] Each receiver 106 includes a time measuring circuit that measures times of arrival (TOA) of tag bursts, with respect to its internal counter. The time measuring circuit is phase-locked (e.g., phase differences do not change and therefore respective frequencies are identical) with a common digital reference clock signal distributed via cable connection from a central processor/hub 108 having a central timing reference clock generator. The reference clock signal establishes a common timing reference for the receivers 106. Thus, multiple time measuring circuits of the respective receivers 106 are synchronized in frequency, but not necessarily in phase. While there typically may be a phase offset between any given pair of receivers in the receivers 106, the phase offset is readily determined through use of a reference tag 104. Alternatively or additionally, each receiver may be synchronized wirelessly via virtual synchronization without a dedicated physical timing channel.

[65] In some example embodiments, the receivers 106 are configured to determine various attributes of the received signal. Since measurements are determined at each receiver 106, in a digital format, rather than analog in some examples, signals are transmittable to the central processor/hub 108. Advantageously, because packet data and measurement results can be transferred at high speeds to a receiver memory, the receivers 106 can receive and process tag (and corresponding object) locating signals on a nearly continuous basis. As such, in some examples, the receiver memory allows for a high burst rate of tag events (i.e., information packets) to be captured.

[66] Data cables or wireless transmissions may convey measurement data from the receivers 106 to the central processor/hub 108 (e.g., the data cables may enable a transfer speed of 2 Mbps). In some examples, measurement data is transferred to the central processor/hub at regular polling intervals. [67] As such, the central processor/hub 108 determines or otherwise computes tag location (i.e., object location) by processing TOA measurements relative to multiple data packets detected by the receivers 106. In some example embodiments, the central processor/hub 108 may be configured to resolve the coordinates of a tag using nonlinear optimization techniques.

[68] In some examples, TOA measurements from multiple receivers 106 are processed by the central processor/hub 108 to determine a location of the transmit tag 102 by a differential time-of-arrival (DTOA) analysis of the multiple TOAs. The DTOA analysis includes a determination of tag transmit time t₀, whereby a time-of- flight (TOF), measured as the time elapsed from the estimated tag transmit time t₀ to the respective TOA, represents graphically the radii of spheres centered at respective receivers 106. The distance between the surfaces of the respective spheres to the estimated location coordinates (x₀, y₀, z₀) of the transmit tag 102 represents the measurement error for each respective TOA, and the minimization of the sum of the squares of the TOA measurement errors from each receiver participating in the DTOA location estimate provides for both the location coordinates (x₀, y₀, z₀) of the transmit tag and of that tag's transmit time t₀.

[69] In some examples, the system described herein may be referred to as an "over-specified" or "over-determined" system. As such, the central processor/hub 108 may calculate one or more valid (i.e., most correct) locations based on a set of measurements and/or one or more incorrect (i.e., less correct) locations. For example, a location may be calculated that is impossible due the laws of physics or may be an outlier when compared to other calculated locations. As such one or more algorithms or heuristics may be applied to minimize such error. [70] The starting point for the minimization may be obtained by first doing an area search on a coarse grid of x, y and z over an area defined by the user and followed by a localized steepest descent search. The starting location for this algorithm is fixed, in some examples, at the mean position of all active receivers. No initial area search is needed, and optimization proceeds through the use of a Davidon- Fletcher-Powell (DFP) quasi-Newton algorithm in some examples. In other examples, a steepest descent algorithm may be used.

[71] One such algorithm for error minimization, which may be referred to as a time error minimization algorithm, may be described in Equation 1 : - Xj) + (y - yj) + {? ^zj)²]² - ^cfe - ^fo)

[72] Where N is the number of receivers, c is the speed of light, (x_j, y?_j, zj) are the coordinates of the j^th receiver, t_j is the arrival time at the j^th receiver, and t₀ is the tag transmit time. The variable t₀ represents the time of transmission. Since t₀ is not initially known, the arrival times, t_j, as well as t₀, are related to a common time base, which in some examples, is derived from the arrival times. As a result, differences between the various arrival times have significance for determining location as well as t₀.

[73] The optimization algorithm to minimize the error ε in Equation 1 may be the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) quasi-Newton algorithm, for example. In some examples, the optimization algorithm to minimize the error ε in Equation 1 may be a steepest descent algorithm. In each case, the algorithms may be seeded with an initial location estimate (x, y, z) that represents the two-dimensional (2D) or three- dimensional (3D) mean of the positions of the receivers 106 that participate in the tag location determination. Additionally or alternatively, the algorithm may be seeded with a previously calculated location.

[74] In some examples, the RTLS system comprises a receiver grid, whereby each of the receivers 106 in the receiver grid keeps a receiver clock that is synchronized, with an initially unknown phase offset, to the other receiver clocks. The phase offset between any receivers may be determined by use of a reference tag that is positioned at a known coordinate position (x_T, yr, z_T). The phase offset serves to resolve the constant offset between counters within the various receivers 106, as described below.

[75] In further example embodiments, a number N of receivers 106 {R_j .'7=1, . .

. , N} are positioned at known coordinates (x_R ., y_R ., z_R .), which are respectively positioned at distances d_R .from a reference tag 104, such as given in Equation 2:

[76] Each receiver R_j utilizes, for example, a synchronous clock signal derived from a common frequency time base, such as a clock generator. Because the receivers are not synchronously reset, an unknown, but constant offset O_j exists for each receiver' s internal free running counter. The value of the constant offset O_j is measured in terms of the number of fine resolution count increments (e.g., a number of nanoseconds for a one nanosecond resolution system). [77] The reference tag is used, in some examples, to calibrate the radio frequency locating system as follows: The reference tag emits a signal burst at an unknown time r_R. Upon receiving the signal burst from the reference tag, a count N_R . as measured at receiver R_j is given in Equation 3 by: N_Rj = βτ_κ + Oj + d_R ./c

[78] Where c is the speed of light and β is the number of fine resolution count increments per unit time (e.g., one per nanosecond). Similarly, each object tag T_t of each object to be located transmits a signal at an unknown time T_t to produce a count Ni_j, as given in Equation 4:

Ν_ί . = βτ_ί + 0_} + βά_ί ./€

[79] at receiver R_j where dj. is the distance between the object tag T_t and the receiver 106 R_j. Note that x_t is unknown, but has the same constant value for all receivers. Based on the equalities expressed above for receivers R_j and R_k and given the reference tag 104 information, phase offsets expressed as differential count values are determined as given in Equations 5a-b:

Or, (0,-_0ί) = («_Β(-_¾)-/_ί(^-¾) = Δ_Λ

[80] Where j_k is constant as long as d_R.— d_Rk remains constant, (which means the receivers and reference tag are fixed and there is no multipath situation) and β is the same for each receiver. Note that Aj_k is a known quantity, since N_R., N_R], β, d_R./c, and d_R]/c are known. That is, the phase offsets between receivers R_j and R_k may be readily determined based on the reference tag 104 transmissions. Thus, again from the above equations, for a tag 102 (7]) transmission arriving at receivers R_j and R_k, one may deduce the following Equations 6a-b:

Or,

dt_j - d_ik = (c/ [_Nlj - N_ik - A_jk]

[81] Each arrival time, tj, can be referenced to a particular receiver (receiver "1") as given in Equation 7: tj = - AjJ [82] The minimization, described in Equation 1, may then be performed over variables ( , y, z, t₀) to reach a solution (x'. y¹, z', t₀').

Example Modular Location Tag

[83] Figure 2 illustrates a modular location tag diagram in accordance with an example embodiment of the invention. In an example embodiment, the RF location tag 102 discussed in Figure 1 may be a modular location tag. The modular location tag may include a controller 200, two or more transmit modules 300, and cables 222. The controller 200 may be electrically connected, e.g. in data communication, with the transmit modules 300 through the cables 222.

[84] The controller 200 may include a battery 202, charge pump 214, voltage regulator 216, microcontroller 204, or the like. The microcontroller 204 may be configured to generate data packet information, control data rates, control data packet lengths, or the like. The controller 200 may also drive or control transmission from the transmit modules 300

[85] The transmit modules 300 may include a baseband pulse generator 302, an RF oscillator 304, and an antenna 308. The baseband pulse generator 302 may drive the oscillator 304 and transmit blink data including the data packet using the antenna 308. The tag signal transmitted from the transmission modules 300 may be referred to herein as "blink data" or "a blink data pulse" as it is transmitted at selected intervals comprising a blink (e.g., 72 pulses at a blink rate of 1 Mb/s). Blink data may also comprise one or more tag data packets. Such tag data packets may include any data from the modular location tag that is intended for transmission such as, for example in the depicted embodiment, a tag unique identification number (tag UID), other identification information, a sequential burst count, stored tag data, or other desired information for object or personnel identification, inventory control, etc. In some examples, the sequential burst count (e.g., a packet sequence number) from each modular location tag may be advantageously provided in order to permit, at a receiver hub 108, correlation of time of arrival (TO A) measurement data from various receivers, of an RF location system. In the case of time difference of arrival (TDOA) systems, the blink data may be or include a specific pattern, code, or trigger that the RF location system detects to identify that the transmission is from a modular location tag.

[86] The configuration of the controller 200, transmit modules 300, and/or cables 222 may cause the transmission of the blink data to be simultaneous or substantially simultaneous to encourage reliable receipt of blink data by a plurality of receivers. A detailed description of the functions and operations of the controller 200 and transmit modules 300 is provided below in Figure 3A.

Exemplary Modular Location Tag Block Diagram

[87] Figure 3A illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary modular location tag in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. The modular location tag may include a controller 200 and two or more transmit modules 300. The controller 200 may be in electrical and data communication with the respective transmit modules through cables 222.

[88] In some examples, the controller 200 may include a battery 202, a microcontroller 204, magnetic interface 206, logic 208, environmental sensor 210, an oscillator 212, a charge pump 214, and a voltage regulator 216. In some examples, the transmit modules 300 may include a baseband pulse generator 302, an oscillator 304, a band pass filter 306, and an antenna 308.

[89] The controller battery 202 may be attached to a ground and supply direct current to the microcontroller 204, magnetic interface 206, logic 208, environmental sensor 210, and charge pump 214. The battery 202 may be a compact, 3-volt coin cell, such as series no. BR2335 (Rayovac) with a battery charge rating of 300 mAhr, or series no. CR2032, with a battery charge rating of 220 mAhr, or the like. The example 3-volt coin cell battery is provided as an example, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other batteries may be used depending on the size, shape, or accessibility of the tag 102 or controller 200.

[90] The charge pump 214 may increase the supplied battery voltage, e.g. 3 volts for regulation by the voltage regulator 216, for example the voltage may be regulated at 3.3 volts and output to the logic 208 and the transmit modules 300, through cables 222. The charge pump 214 may be a DC to DC (direct current) converter based on two stage capacitor switching. In some embodiments, the output of the charge pump 214 may be smoothed by an output capacitor. The voltage regulator 216 may be a resistor in series with one or more diodes to provide a stable voltage, e.g. 3.3 volts. The regulated power may be supplied to the baseband pulse generator 302 and the oscillator 304.

[91] The microcontroller 204, such as a programmable interface controller

(PIC) microcontroller, may be configured to generate data packets, as described above in Figure 1. In an example embodiment the microcontroller is a PI C16LF1518T-I as made by Microchip Technology, Inc. The microcontroller 204 may include an internal memory, such as read only memory (ROM), electronic programmable memory (EPROM), flash ROM, or the like, configured to store program code for generation of the data packets and triggering data transmissions from the transmit modules 300, e.g., blink data. The microcontroller 204 may include a set of registers which may function as random access memory (RAM). The microcontroller 204 may store tag information, such as the tag UTD, other identification information, a sequential burst count, stored tag data, or other desired information for object or personnel identification, inventory control, etc. in one or more registers. The microcontroller 204 may generate a data packet by reading one or more registers identified by the program code and transmits the data maintained in the registers to the logic 208 and/or the transmit modules 300.

[92] Additionally, the microcontroller 204 may receive environmental data from the environmental sensor 210. In an example embodiment, the microcontroller 204 may store the sensor data in the registers. The environmental sensor 210 may be an accelerometer, a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, a pedometer, or the like. In an instance in which the microcontroller 204 receives environmental data from the environmental sensor 210, the microcontroller may include the environmental data or a portion of the environmental data in the data packet.

[93] The microcontroller 204 may receive clock input from the oscillator 212, such as an 8 MHz crystal oscillator. The clock may be used by the microcontroller 204 to advance the program code.

[94] In an example embodiment, the microcontroller may control the blink data pulse rate based on input from the environmental sensor 210. The microcontroller 204 may use a first blink data pulse rate, e.g. low, at a first time with a first environmental data value, and a second blink data pulse rate, e.g. high, at a second time with a second environmental data value. In some instances, the microcontroller 204 may make the determination of blink data pulse rate based on comparing the environmental data to a predetermined threshold. For example, the microcontroller may use a low or "idle" blink date pulse rate such as 1 blink/sec in an instance in which an environmental sensor, such as an accelerometer, does not detect movement, e.g. environmental data value fails to satisfy a predetermined threshold, and a high blink data pulse rate, such as a rate between 12 blinks/sec and 50 blinks/sec, in an instance in which the accelerometer detects movement, e.g. environmental data value satisfies the predetermined threshold.

[95] The magnetic interface 206 may provide control signals to the microcontroller 204. In an example embodiment, the control signals may write program code to an EPROM or flash ROM. The magnetic interface 206 may receive signals from a portable or fixed computing device via a low frequency transmitter. The signals may include commands, such as commence blink data pulse transmissions, terminate blink data pulse transmissions, blink data pulse transmission rate, packet data rate, test modes, packet configuration, or the like.

[96] The microcontroller 204 may send the data packet to the logic 208. The logic 208 may be a transmission trigger configured to output the data packet when triggered by the microcontroller 204. In some instances the logic 208 may trigger the transmission of the data packet at the same time, for example when the transmit module cable lengths or component delays are matched for simultaneous transmission of the blink data from the transmit modules 300. The transmit module components, e.g. baseband pulse generator 302, oscillator 304, band pass filter 306, antenna 308, or the like, may be batch or individually tested to determine a component based delay to lnsec. The transmit modules may then be matched by using components with the same aggregate delays. Similarly, the cable 222 length may be matched with precision to ensure delays between transmit modules are less than 1 nsec.

[97] In some instances, the logic 208 may be configured to trigger the transmission of the data packet at different times to compensate for the delays caused by the cable 222 length mismatch or transmit module components. For example, the microcontroller 204 may trigger the logic 208 to transmit the data packet for a first transmit module at a first time and trigger the logic to transmit the data packet for a second transmit module at a second time, causing the transmission of the blink data from the first and second transmit module to occur simultaneously or substantially simultaneously, (e.g. less than lnsec variance between modules).

[98] In some example embodiments, the controller may include a delay logic to compensate for delays caused by cable length mismatch or transmit module components.

[99] The data packet may be output to the transmit modules 300 as discussed, through the cables 222 and received by the base band generator 302 of the respective transmit module 300. The baseband generator 302 may drive the oscillator 304 to generate a transmission signal, e.g., blink data pulse transmissions, which may carry the data packet. The transmission signal may be filtered by a band pass filter 306 prior to transmission by an antenna 308, e.g., blink data pulse transmissions. In some embodiments, the antenna 308 is a vertically polarized antenna. An exemplary transmit module and cable is depicted in Figure 6. [100] The blink data pulse transmissions may be transmitted simultaneously or substantially simultaneously, (e.g. less than Ins variance between transmission modules 300). The simultaneous or substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses form each of the transmit modules may allow for a greater number of receivers to receive the blink data, since there is a lower likelihood of blockage of the blink data signal from two or more transmission points as opposed to a single transmission point. Additionally, since more receivers will have a direct line of sight to the transmission point, e.g., one of the transmit modules, delay in the receipt of the blink data will be minimized or prevented because the receivers will receive the originally transmitted blink data and ignore or exclude from the location calculation reflected blink data transmissions.

Tag and Sensor Data Transmission Architecture

[101] Figures 3B, 3C, and 3D show block diagrams of various different architectures that may be utilized in transmitting signals from one or more tags and sensors to one or more receivers of an RF location system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the depicted architectures may be used in connection with the receiver processing and analytics system 110 of Figure 1. More than one of these architectures may be used together in a single system.

[102] Figure 3B shows a location tag 102, such as that shown in Figure 1, which may be configured to transmit a tag signal to one or more receivers 106. The one or more receivers 106 may transmit a receiver signal to the central processor/ hub 108. [103] The depicted location tag 102 may generate or store a tag unique identifier (tag UID) and/or other tag data as shown. The tag data may include useful information such as the installed firmware version, last tag maintenance date, configuration information, and/or a tag-individual correlator. The tag-individual correlator may comprise data that indicates that a monitored individual (e.g., participant) is associated with the location tag 102 (e.g., name, uniform number and team, biometric data, tag position on individual, i.e., right wrist). As will be apparent to one of skill in the art in view of this disclosure, the tag-individual correlator may be stored to the location tag 102 when the tag is registered or otherwise associated with an individual. While shown as a separate field for illustration purposes, one of ordinary skill in the art may readily appreciate that the tag-individual correlator may be part of any tag data or even omitted from the tag.

[104] The tag signal transmitted from location tag 102 to receiver 106 may include "blink data" as it is transmitted at selected intervals. This "blink rate" may be set by the tag designer or the system designer to meet application requirements. In some embodiments it is consistent for one or all tags; in some embodiments it may be data dependent. Blink data includes characteristics of the tag signal that allow the tag signal to be recognized by the receiver 106 so the location of the location tag 102 may be determined by the locating system. Blink data may also comprise one or more tag data packets. Such tag data packets may include any data from the tag 102 that is intended for transmission such as, for example in the depicted embodiment, a tag UID, tag data, and a tag-individual correlator. In the case of TDOA systems, the blink data may be or include a specific pattern, code, or trigger that the receiver 106 (or downstream receiver processing and analytics system) detects to identify that the transmission is from a location tag 102 (e.g., a UWB tag).

[105] The depicted receiver 106 receives the tag signal, which includes blink data and tag data packets as discussed above. In one embodiment, the receiver 106 may pass the received tag signal directly to the central processor/hub 108 as part of its receiver signal. In another embodiment, the receiver 106 could perform some basic processing on the received tag signal. For instance, the receiver could extract blink data from the tag signal and transmit the blink data to the central processor/hub 108. The receiver could transmit a time measurement to the central processor/hub 108 such as a TOA measurement and/or a TDOA measurement. The time measurement could be based on a clock time generated or calculated in the receiver, it could be based on a receiver offset value, it could be based on a system time, and/or it could be based on the time difference of arrival between the tag signal of the location tag 102 and the tag signal of a RF reference tag (e.g., tag 104 of Figure 1). The receiver 106 could additionally or alternatively determine a signal measurement from the tag signal (such as a received signal strength indication (RSSI)), a direction of signal, signal polarity, or signal phase) and transmit the signal measurement to the central processor/hub 108.

[106] Figure 3C shows a location tag 122 and sensor 123, such as may be affixed to an object or participant, which may be configured to transmit tag signals and sensor signals, respectively, to one or more receivers 106, 166. The one or more receivers 106, 166 may then transmit receiver signals to the central processor/hub 108. One or more receivers 106, 166 may share physical components, such as a housing or antenna. [107] The depicted location tag 122 may comprise a tag UID and tag data (such as a tag-individual correlator) and transmit a tag signal comprising blink data as discussed in connection with Figure 3B above. The depicted sensor 123 may generate and/or store a sensor UID, additional stored sensor data (e.g. a sensor-individual correlator, sensor type, sensor firmware version, last maintenance date, the units in which environmental measurements are transmitted, etc.), and environmental measurements. The "additional stored sensor data" of the sensor 123 may include any data that is intended for transmission, including but not limited to a location tag 122, a reference tag (e.g., 104 of Figure 1), a sensor receiver, a receiver 106, and/or the central processor/hub 108.

[108] The sensor-individual correlator may comprise data that indicates that a monitored individual is associated with the sensor 123 (e.g., name, uniform number and team, biometric data, sensor position on individual, i.e., right wrist). As will be apparent to one of skill in the art in view of this disclosure, the sensor-individual correlator may be stored to the sensor 123 when the sensor is registered or otherwise associated with an individual. While shown as a separate field for illustration purposes, one of ordinary skill in the art may readily appreciate that the sensor- individual correlator may be part of any additional stored sensor data or omitted from the sensor altogether.

[109] Sensors such as sensor 123 that are structured according to embodiments of the invention may sense or determine one or more environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, pulse, heartbeat, rotation, velocity, acceleration, radiation, position, chemical concentration, voltage) and store or transmit "environmental measurements" that are indicative of such conditions. To clarify, the term "environmental measurements" includes measurements concerning the environment proximate the sensor including, without limitation, ambient information (e.g., temperature, position, humidity, etc.) and information concerning an individual's health, fitness, operation, and/or performance. Environmental measurements may be stored or transmitted in either analog or digital form and may be transmitted as individual measurements, as a set of individual measurements, and/or as summary statistics. For example, temperature in degrees Celsius may be transmitted as {31 }, or as {33, 32, 27, 22, 20, 23, 27, 30, 34, 31 }, or as {27.9}. In some embodiments, the sensor-individual correlator could be determined at least in part from the environmental measurements.

[110] In the embodiment depicted in Figure 3C, location tag 122 transmits a tag signal to receiver 106 and sensor 123 transmits a sensor signal to sensor receiver 166. The sensor signal may comprise one or more sensor information packets. Such sensor information packets may include any data or information from the sensor 123 that is intended for transmission such as, for example in the depicted embodiment, sensor UID, additional stored sensor data, sensor-individual correlator, and environmental measurements. A receiver signal from receiver 106 and a sensor receiver signal from sensor receiver 166 may be transmitted via wired or wireless communication to central processor/hub 108 as shown.

[Ill] Figure 3D depicts a sensor 123 communicating through a location tag 122 in accordance with various embodiments. In one embodiment, the sensor 123 may be part of (i.e., reside in the same housing or assembly structure) of the location tag 122. In another embodiment, the sensor 123 may be distinct from (i.e., not resident in the same housing or assembly structure) the location tag 122 but configured to communicate wirelessly or via wired communication with the location tag 122.

[112] In one embodiment, the location tag 122, the sensor 123, or both, may generate and/or store a tag-sensor correlator that indicates an association between a location tag 122 and a sensor 123 (e.g., tag UID/sensor UTD, distance from tag to sensor in a particular stance, set of sensors associated with a set of tags, sensor types associated with a tag, etc.). In the depicted embodiment, both the location tag 122 and the sensor 123 store the tag-sensor correlator.

[113] In the depicted embodiment, sensor 123 transmits a sensor signal to location tag 122. The sensor signal may comprise one or more sensor information packets as discussed above. The sensor information packets may comprise the sensor UID, a sensor-individual correlator, additional stored sensor data, the tag-sensor correlator, and/or the environmental measurements. The location tag 122 may store some portion of, or all of, the sensor information packets locally and may package the sensor information packets into one or more tag data packets for transmission to receiver 106 as part of a tag signal or simply pass them along as part of its tag signal.

Exemplary Modular Location Tag in Protective Components

[114] Figure 4 illustrates an exemplary modular location tag in protective components. The modular location tag may include a controller 200, cables 222, two or more transmit modules 300, a protective shell 400, and a protective overmold 500.

The respective transmit modules 300 may be encased in a protective shell 400. In some instances, the controller 200 may also be encased in a protective shell 400. The protective shell may be a hard plastic, elastomer, hard rubber, or other non-metallic impact resistant casing. A representative depiction of a protective shell is depicted in Figure 7.

[115] In some example embodiments, the controller 200, the respective transmit modules 300, and cables 222 may be covered in a protective overmold. The protective overmold may be elastomer, rubber, or other impact absorbent material. Figure 8 depicts a representation of a transmit module in a protective shell 400 and protective overmold 500 around the cable 222. Figures 9 and 10 depict an elastomer protective overmold 500, with insert slots for the transmit modules 300, and approximate placement of the controller 200.

[116] In an example embodiment, the cable 222 is a durable flexible cable, such as a shielded twisted pair cable. In some embodiments in which the cable is a durable flexible cable the protective overmold 500 may not be utilized, or may not cover the cable portions of the modular location tag, since the durable flexible cable may absorb impacts.

Exemplary Mounting of a Modular Location Tag

[117] Figure 5 illustrates a diagram of a modular location tag mounted on a participant in accordance with some example embodiments of the present invention.

A participant, such as an American football player, may be equipped with a modular location tag to track the location of the participant. In an example embodiment, the transmit modules 300 may be placed on the front and back of the participant, allowing for transmission from both transmit modules. Transmitting from both the front and back of the player may result in fewer missed tag blink data pulse transmissions, since the transmissions will originate from opposites sides of the participant. It is likely that if one transmit module 300 is blocked from a particular receiver, by persons, objects, building components, or the participants themselves, the opposing transmit module will not be blocked. Further, in instances in which the central processor/hub 108 is configured to use the first arrival of a blink data transmission, the tag location may be more accurate since reflected blink data will be ignored or excluded from the tag location calculation.

[118] In some example embodiments, the modular location tag may include four transmit modules 300, which may be mounted to the participant on the front right and left and back right and left portions of the participant. This arrangement allows for greater reduction in missed tag blink transmissions. Further, in an example embodiment of this modular location tag configuration, the right and left transmit modules 300 may transmit different tag UIDs as directed by the controller 200. The right and left transmit module 300 differentiation may allow for the RF location system to determine whether the movement of the participant is forward or backward.

[119] The transmit modules 300 may have a horizontal antenna orientation, therefore the transmit modules may be preferably mounted at a high point on the front or back of the participant, where the mounting location is substantially vertical. The controller 200 may be mounted to the shoulder or slightly behind the shoulder of the participant, or convenient mounting point, such as a belt. The shoulder or belt mounting location may provide support for the controller 200. The shoulder mounting location for the controller 200 may allow for shorter cable 222 lengths as the controller is between the transmit module 300 mounting locations.

[120] In some example embodiments the controller 200 and/or the transit modules 300 may be incorporated into a wearable article, such as participant protective equipment 402, for example pads, helmets, or the like. Additionally or alternatively, the controller 200 and/or transmit modules 300 may be incorporated into participant clothing 404, such as jerseys, belts, hats, gloves, pants, or the like. In an example embodiment, the controller 200 may be mounted to a participant belt. The wearable article may have supports for the controller 200, the transmit module 300, power supply, environmental sensors, or the like. As depicted in Figure 5, the controller 200 is preferably disposed between the individual transmit modules 300.

[121] In some example embodiments, the controller 200 and/or the transmit modules 300 may be sewn or otherwise affixed to a participants clothing 404, e.g. jersey. In an example embodiment, the environmental sensors may be external to the controller 200 and also sewn in or otherwise affixed to the jersey.

[122] Figure 11 shows a participant 1100, e.g., an American football player, equipped with an example arrangement of a plurality of modular location tags 1102a- k, which may represent one set of RF location tags 102 shown in Figure 1. The plurality of modular location tags may be each located on participant 1100 at locations such that the plurality of modular location tags fully or at least partially define a human frame. For example, modular location tags may be placed at joints and/or extremities of participant 1100 that are of interest, with the transmit modules being placed on both the front and back of the participant at the joints and/or extremities. As such, modular location tags 1102a-k may provide robust location data for determining information concerning the body motion kinetics of participant 1100.

[123] For example, modular location tag 1102a may be located at or near the head (e.g., within the helmet), modular location tags 1102b and 1102c may be located at or near the shoulders (e.g., under or proximate to each shoulder pad, respectively), modular location tags 1102d and 1102e may be located at or near the elbows (e.g., in each sleeve or elbow pad, respectively), modular location tags 1102f and 1102g may be located at or near the hands (e.g., in each glove or wrist brand, respectively), modular location tags 1102h and 1102i may be located at or near the knees (e.g., in each knee pad, respectively), and modular location tags 1102j and 1102k may be located at or near the feet (e.g., in each shoe, respectively). In some embodiments, one or more of modular location tags 1102a-k may be affixed to the body of participant 1100, such as by adhesive or perhaps as sewn into garments, or may be located on participant 1100 using any other suitable techniques.

[124] Data derived or extracted from tag signals transmitted from one or more modular location tags may be referred to herein as "tag derived data" and shall include, without limitation, tag data, tag UID, tag-individual correlator (i.e., data that indicates a correlation to a specific individual), tag-sensor correlator (i.e., data that indicates a correlation to a specific RF location tag), tag data packets, blink data, time measurements (e.g. time of arrival, time difference of arrival, phase), signal measurements (e. g., signal strength, signal direction, signal polarization, signal phase), determined body distance data, and tag location data (e.g., including tag location estimates). Information or data derived or extracted from sensor signals transmitted from one or more sensors may be referred to herein as "sensor derived data" and shall include, without limitation, sensor UID, additional stored sensor data, sensor-individual correlator (i.e., data that indicates a correlation to a specific individual), environmental measurements, sensor information packets, position calculations (including sensor position estimates), position information, identity information, tag-sensor correlator (i.e., data that indicates a correlation to a specific RF location tag), and associated sensor data. In various embodiments, the central processor/hub 108 may transmit tag derived data, sensor derived data, and various combinations thereof to the receiver processing and distribution system 110.

[125] In some embodiments, the central processor/hub and/or the receiver processing and distribution system may use the tag derived data and/or sensor derived data received from the modular location tags in determining events associated with participants and/or objects, as described in commonly owned U.S. Patent Application 13/942,316 to Wohl et al., which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, the central processor/hub and/or the receiver processing and distribution system may use the tag derived data and/or sensor derived data to determine body motion kinetics and/or the activity of a participant, such as a participant running standing, crouching, squatting, bent over, in a three point stance, in a runner's start position, or other position that may be relevant to a specific sport or other endeavor, etc.

Exemplary Process for Manufacturing of a Modular Location Tag

[126] Figure 12 illustrates a flowchart for a process of manufacturing a modular location tag. At block 1202, a controller, such as controller 200, is provided including a microcontroller, such as microcontroller 204, configured to generate a data packet, as discussed in Figures 1 and 3 A.

[127] At block 1204, a plurality of individual transmit modules is provided. Each of the respective transmit modules, such as transmit modules 300, include an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet on ultra-wideband pulses. The UWB blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules are transmitted simultaneously or substantially simultaneously.

[128] In an example embodiment, the controller 200 and/or the transmit modules 300 may be encased in an impact resistant enclosure, such as protective shell 400. In some example embodiments the controller 200 and/or the transit modules 300 may be incorporated into participant protective equipment 402, such as pads, helmets, or the like. Additionally or alternatively, the controller 200 and/or transmit modules 300 may be incorporated into participant clothing 404, such as jerseys, belts, hats, gloves, pants, or the like. In an example embodiment, the controller 200 may be mounted to a participant belt.

[129] In an example embodiment, the controller 200 and transmit modules 300 may be configured to be mounted on a participant, for example, a first transmit module may be mounted to a front of the participant and a second transmit module may be mounted to a back of the participant. In another example, a first transmit module may be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module may be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module may be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module may be mounted to a back left portion of the participant.

[130] At block 1206, cables are provided to connect the controller to the plurality of transmit modules. The cables, such as cables 222, may be the same length to ensure simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses.

[131] In an example embodiment, the cables 222 may be durable flexible cables. In some example embodiments, the cables may be within an impact absorbent material. [132] In an example embodiment, the cable length and/or component based signals delays of the respective transmit modules may be compensated for to ensure simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses to encourage reliable receipt of the UWB blink data pulses . In an instance in which the cable lengths and/or the component based signal delays have been determined and matched, microcontroller 204 of the controller 200 may be configured to trigger the respective transmit modules 300 to transmit the UWB blink data pulses at the same time. The matched cable lengths and/or component based signal delays will cause the UWB blink data pulse transmissions to be simultaneous or substantially simultaneous. In an instance in which the cable lengths or component delays are not matched, the microcontroller 204 of the controller 200 may be configured to trigger the respective transmit modules 300 to transmit the UWB blink data pulses at different times to compensate of the differences in transmission due to cable length and component based signal delays. The controller 200 triggering the transmission of the UWB blink data pulses at different times based on signal delays may cause the UWB blink data pulse transmissions to be simultaneous or substantially simultaneous.

[133] At block 1208, an environmental sensor, such as environmental sensor 210 is optionally provided which supplies environmental data to the microcontroller 204 of the controller 204. The microcontroller 204 may include the environmental data as a portion of the data packet.

[134] In some embodiments, the microcontroller 204 may cause the tag to transmit blink data with a first environmental data value using a first blink data pulse rate, e.g. low, during a first time period, and transmit a second blink data with a second environmental data value using a second blink data pulse rate during a second time period. In some instances, the microcontroller may make the determination of blink data pulse rate based on comparing the environmental data to a predetermined threshold. For example, the microcontroller 204 may use a low blink date pulse rate in an instance in which an environmental sensor, such as an accelerometer, does not detect movement, e.g. environmental data value fails to satisfy a predetermined threshold, and a high blink data pulse rate in an instance in which the accelerometer detects movement, e.g. environmental data value satisfies the predetermined threshold.

[135] Additionally or alternatively, the environmental sensor may be a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer

Exemplary Process for Transmission of Data Packets from a Modular Location Tag

[136] Figure 13 illustrates an exemplary process for transmission of data packets from a modular location tag. At block 1302, the modular location tag may have means, such as a controller 200, environmental sensor 210, or the like, configured to receive environmental data. The controller 200 may include a microcontroller 204 configured to receive the environmental data from the environmental sensor. The environmental sensor 210 may receive and/or detect environmental data. The environmental sensor 210 may be an accelerometer, a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer. The environmental data may be stored to one or more registers associated with the microcontroller 204. [137] At block 1304, the modular location tag may have means, such as a controller 200, or the like, configured to generate a data packet. The microcontroller 204 of the controller 200 may store tag information, such as the tag UID, other identification information, a sequential burst count, stored tag data, or other desired information for object or personnel identification, inventory control, etc. in one or more registers. The microcontroller 204 may generate a data packet by reading one or more registers identified by a program code and transmit the data maintained in the registers to an output logic, such as logic 208, and/or the transmit modules, such as transmit modules 200.

[138] In an instance in which the environmental data is transmitted as a portion of the data packet, the microcontroller 204 may read the environmental data stored in one or more registers and transmit the environmental data to the logic 208 and/or the transmit modules 300. The data packet may include the tag information and environmental data.

[139] The controller, such as controller 200, and two or more transmit modules, such as transmit modules 300 may be mounted to portions of the participant. For example, a first transmit module may be mounted to a front of the participant and a second transmit module may be mounted to a back of the participant. In another example, a first transmit module may be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module may be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module may be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module may be mounted to a back left portion of the participant. [140] At block 1306, the modular location tag may have means, such as a controller 200, transmit modules 300, or the like, configured to cause the transmission of the data packet. The controller 200 may cause two or more transmit modules 300 to simultaneously or substantially simultaneously, (e.g., less than 1 nsec variation between transmit modules 300), transmit the data packet in UWB blink data pulses to encourage reliable receipt of the blink data at the respective receivers.

[141] In an example embodiment, the cable length and/or component based signals delays of the respective transmit modules may be compensated for to ensure simultaneous transmission of the UWB blink data pulses to encourage reliable receipt of the blink data at the respective receivers. In an instance in which the cable lengths and/or the component based signal delays have been determined and matched, microcontroller 204 of the controller 200 may be configured to trigger the respective transmit modules 300 to transmit the UWB blink data pulses at the same time. The matched cable lengths and/or component based signal delays will cause the UWB blink data pulse transmissions to be simultaneous or substantially simultaneous. In an instance in which the cable lengths or component delays are not matched, the microcontroller 204 of the controller 200 may be configured to trigger the respective transmit modules 300 to transmit the UWB blink data pulses at different times to compensate of the differences in transmission due to cable length and component based signal delays. The controller 200 triggering the transmission of the UWB blink data pulses at different times based on signal delays may cause the UWB blink data pulse transmissions to be simultaneous or substantially simultaneous.

[142] In some embodiments, the microcontroller 204 may use a first blink data pulse rate, e.g. low rate, at a first time with a first environmental data value, and a second blink data pulse rate, e.g. high rate, at a second time with a second environmental data value. In some instances, the microcontroller 204 may make the determination of blink data pulse rate based on comparing the environmental data to a predetermined threshold. For example, the microcontroller 204 may use a low blink date pulse rate in an instance in which an environmental sensor, such as an accelerometer, does not detect movement, e.g., environmental data value fails to satisfy a predetermined threshold, and a high blink data pulse rate in an instance in which the accelerometer detects movement, e.g., environmental data value satisfies the predetermined threshold.

[143] Simultaneous transmission from the transmit modules of the modular location tag, in an instance in which the receiver central processor/hub is configured to use the first arrival of a location RFID tag for location calculations, may provide more accurate tag locations, since there is a greater likelihood of a clear line of sight between at least one transmit module and a respective receiver. Further, reflected RFID transmission may be excluded from the tag location calculation.

[144] In some embodiments, certain ones of the operations above may be modified or further amplified as described below. Moreover, in some embodiments additional optional operations may also be included. It should be appreciated that each of the modifications, optional additions, or amplifications below may be included with the operations above either alone or in combination with any others among the features described herein.

[145] Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, although the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings describe example embodiments in the context of certain example combinations of elements and/or functions, it should be appreciated that different combinations of elements and/or functions may be provided by alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In this regard, for example, different combinations of elements and/or functions than those explicitly described above are also contemplated as may be set forth in some of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

Claims

THAT WHICH IS CLAIMED:

1. A modular location tag comprising:

a controller comprising a microcontroller configured to generate a data packet; two or more individual transmit modules in data communication with the controller such that each individual transmit module is configured to transmit the data packet, each individual transmit module comprising an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet in blink data pulses, and

wherein the controller causes substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules.

2. The modular location tag of Claim 1 further comprising:

cables providing data communication between the pulse generators of the respective individual transmit modules of the two or more individual transmit modules and the microcontroller of the controller, wherein the cables define a common length, and

wherein the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses is based at least in part on the common length of the cables.

3. The modular location tag of Claim 2 wherein the cables are disposed within an impact absorbent material.

4. The modular location tag of Claim 2, wherein the cables each comprise a plurality of flexible cables.

5. The modular location tag of Claim 1, wherein component based signal delays of the respective individual transmit modules of the two or more individual transmit modules are matched, and

wherein the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses is based at least in part on the matched component based signal delays.

6. The modular location tag of Claim 1, wherein the microcontroller is further configured to trigger the transmission of the blink data pulses based on component based signal delays associated with the respective individual transmit modules, and wherein the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses is based at least in part on the triggering of the transmission of the blink data pulses.

7. The modular location tag of Claim 1, wherein the controller or two or more of individual transmit modules are encased in an impact resistant enclosure.

8. The modular location tag of Claim 1, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the front the participant and a second transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the back of the participant.

9. The modular location tag of Claim 1, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module of the individual transmits modules is configured to be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module of the individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back left portion of the participant.

10. The modular location tag of Claim 1, wherein the controller and two or more transmit modules are incorporated into a participant protective equipment.

11. The modular location tag of Claim 1, wherein the controller and the two or more transmit modules are incorporated into a participant clothing.

12. The modular location tag of Claim 1, wherein the controller is mounted to a participant belt.

13. The modular location tag of Claim 1 further comprising:

an environmental sensor in data communication with the microcontroller; and wherein the microcontroller is further configured to receive environmental data from the environmental sensor.

14. The modular location tag of Claim 13, wherein the environmental sensor is an accelerometer.

15. The modular location tag of Claim 14, wherein the controller drives the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses at a first blink data rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data in a first value range and at a second blink data rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data in a second value range.

16. The modular location tag of Claim 13, wherein the environmental sensor is at least one of a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer.

17. The modular location tag of Claim 13 further comprising:

the microcontroller configured to include the environmental data in the data packet to be transmitted by the two or more individual transmit modules.

18. The modular location tag of Claim 1 wherein the blink data pulses comprise ultra- wideband blink data pulses.

19. A method of manufacturing a modular location tag comprising:

providing a controller comprising a microcontroller configured to generate a data packet;

providing two or more individual transmit modules in data communication with the controller such that each individual transmit module is configured to transmit the data packet, each individual transmit module comprising an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet on blink data pulses, and

20. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19 further comprising:

providing cables providing data communication between the respective individual transmit modules of the plurality of individual transmit modules and the microcontroller of the controller, wherein the cables define a common length, and wherein the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses is based at least in part on the common length of the cables.

21. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 20, wherein the cables are disposed within an impact absorbent material.

22. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 20, wherein the cables each comprise a plurality of flexible cables.

23. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19, wherein component based signal delays of the individual respective transmit modules of the two or more individual transmit modules are matched, and

24. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19, wherein the microcontroller is further configured to trigger transmission of the blink data pulses based on component based signal delays associated with the respective individual transmit modules components, and

wherein the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses is based at least in part on the triggering of the transmission of the blink data pulses.

25. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19, wherein the controller or the two or more individual transmit modules are encased in an impact resistant enclosure.

26. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the front the participant and a second transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the back of the participant.

27. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module of the individual transmits modules is configured to be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module of the individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back left portion of the participant.

28. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are incorporated into a participant protective equipment.

29. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are incorporated into a participant clothing.

30. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19, wherein the controller is mounted to a participant belt.

31. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19 further comprising:

providing an environmental sensor in data communication with the microcontroller; and

wherein the microcontroller is further configured to receive environmental data from the environmental sensor.

32. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 31, wherein the environmental sensor is an accelerometer.

33. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 32, wherein the controller drives the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses at a first blink data rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data in a first value range and at a second blink data rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data in a second value range.

34. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 31, wherein the environmental sensor is at least one of a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer.

35. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 31 further comprising:

36. The method of manufacturing a modular location tag of Claim 19 wherein the blink data pulses comprise ultra-wideband blink data pulses.

37. A method comprising:

generating, by a microcontroller of a controller, a data packet; and causing the transmission of the data packet on blink data pulses from two or more individual transmit modules, wherein each individual transmit module is in comprises an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet and is in data communications with the controller, wherein the controller causes substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules to encourage reliable receipt of the blink data pulses at one or more of a plurality of receivers.

38. The method of Claim 37, wherein cables which define a common length provide data communication between the two or more individual transmit modules and the controller.

39. The method of Claim 38, wherein the cables are disposed within an impact absorbent material.

40. The method of Claim 38, wherein the cables each comprise a plurality of flexible cables.

41. The method of Claim 37, wherein component based signal delays of the two or more individual transmit modules are matched, and

42. The method of Claim 37, wherein the microcontroller is configured to trigger the transmission of the blink data pulses based on component based signal delays associated with the respective individual transmit modules, and

43. The method of Claim 37, wherein the controller or the two or more individual transmit modules are encased in an impact resistant enclosure.

44. The method of Claim 37, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the front the participant and a second transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the back of the participant.

45. The method of Claim 37, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module of the individual transmits modules is configured to be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module of the individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back left portion of the participant.

46. The method of Claim 37, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are incorporated into a participant protective equipment.

47. The method of Claim 37, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are incorporated into a participant clothing.

48. The method of Claim 37, wherein the controller is mounted to a participant belt.

49. The method of Claim 37 further comprising:

receiving environmental data from an environmental sensor.

50. The method of Claim 49, wherein the environmental sensor is an accelerometer.

51. The method of Claim 50, wherein the controller drives the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses at a first blink data rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data in a first value range and at a second blink data rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data in a second value range.

52. The method of Claim 49, wherein the environmental sensor is at least one of a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer.

53. The method of Claim 49 further comprising:

including, by the microcontroller, the environmental data in the data packet to be transmitted from the two or more individual transmit modules.

54. The method of Claim 37 wherein the blink data pulses comprise ultra-wideband blink data pulses.

55. A wearable modular location tag system comprising:

a wearable article comprising a controller support and at least two transmitter supports;

a controller, supported within the controller support, comprising a

microcontroller configured to generate a data packet;

two or more individual transmit modules, supported within the two or more transmitter supports, in data communication with the controller such that each individual transmit module is configured to transmit the data packet, each individual transmit module comprising an antenna and a pulse generator configured to transmit the data packet on blink data pulses, and

wherein the controller is disposed between the at least two individual transmit modules and causes substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses from the respective transmit modules.

56. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55 further comprising:

57. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 56, wherein the cables are disposed within an impact absorbent material.

58. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 56, wherein the cables each comprise a plurality of flexible cables.

59. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55, wherein component based signal delays of the respective individual transmit modules of the two or more individual transmit modules are matched, and

60. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55, wherein the

microcontroller is further configured to trigger the transmission of the blink data pulses based on component based signal delays associated with the respective individual transmit modules, and

61. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55, wherein the controller or two or more of individual transmit modules are encased in an impact resistant enclosure.

62. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the front the participant and a second transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to the back of the participant.

63. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55, wherein the controller and the two or more individual transmit modules are configured to be mounted to a participant defining a front and back, wherein a first transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a right front portion of the participant, a second transmit module of the individual transmits modules is configured to be mounted to a front left portion of the participant, a third transmit module of the two or more individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back right portion of a participant, and a fourth transmit module of the individual transmit modules is configured to be mounted to a back left portion of the participant.

64. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55, wherein the controller and two or more transmit modules are incorporated into a participant protective equipment.

65. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55, wherein the controller and the two or more transmit modules are incorporated into a participant clothing.

66. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55, wherein the controller is mounted to a participant belt.

67. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55 further comprising:

68. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 67, wherein the

environmental sensor is an accelerometer.

69. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 68, wherein the controller drives the substantially simultaneous transmission of the blink data pulses at a first rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data in a first value range and at a second rate based on the accelerometer outputting accelerometer data in a second value range.

70. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 67, wherein the

environmental sensor is at least one of a heart rate monitor, a humidity sensor, a temperature monitor, a moisture sensor, a breathing sensor, a global position sensor, a proximity sensor, or a pedometer.

71. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 67 further comprising:

72. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55 wherein the blink data pulses comprise ultra-wideband blink data pulses.

73. The modular location tag of Claim 1 further comprising:

a power supply configured to provide electrical power to the controller.

74. The method of manufacture of Claim 19 further comprising:

providing a power supply configured to provide electrical power to the controller.

75. The method of Claim 37 further comprising:

providing electrical power to the controller form a power supply.

76. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 55 further comprising: a power supply configured to provide electrical power to the controller.

77. The wearable modular location tag system of Claim 76, wherein the wearable article further comprises a power supply support, and

wherein the power supply is supported within the power supply support.