1 / 35

Analysis of CD/DVD Surfaces Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Analysis of CD/DVD Surfaces Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Tramel Clipper David Herman Tyree Mills. Summer Research Connection The California Institute of Technology. Milestones in Optical Storage Technology. • The first optical storage devices were created during the 1960’s.

trish
Download Presentation

Analysis of CD/DVD Surfaces Using Atomic Force Microscopy

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Analysis of CD/DVD Surfaces Using Atomic Force Microscopy Tramel Clipper David Herman Tyree Mills Summer Research Connection The California Institute of Technology

  2. Milestones in Optical Storage Technology • The first optical storage devices were created during the 1960’s. They did not store much information and could only be used for about 100 hrs before wearing out. (Mustroph et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006) • In 1982, SONY and Philips introduced the first durable and economically successful compact disc (CD). Capacity: ~ 700 MB (J.-J.Wanegue, Opt. Disc System, 2003) • In the late 1980’s, writable CD’s were introduced; information was “burned” into a layer of organic dye added inside the CD. (M. Emmelius, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., 1989) •In 1995, the final DVD format was agreed upon. The DVD stores information in the same manner as the CD, but its structures are smaller. Capacity: ~ 5 GB(D. G. Stinson, J. Imaging Sci. Technol., 1998) • BluRay DVD has just emerged as the latest in high capacity storage. Capacity: ~ 50 GB (F. Yokogawa et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys Part I, 1998)

  3. Motivation • Writable CD-R’s have a limited life-span; a more durable writable optical storage medium is needed. • To store large amounts of data (e.g. HD movies), we need to be able “write” more/smaller on DVD’s. Focus Questions • What are the physical characteristics of a CD/DVD? • How durable are these devices over time? • How can we design a better optical storage device?

  4. Length Scale:The atomic force microscope can be used to image surfaces from that range in size from ~1 nm to 100 μm. 1 meter (m): the average man is about 2 meters tall 1 centimeter (cm): the length of a red ant 1 cm = 1x10-2 m = 0.01 m 1 millimeter (mm): the size of a pencil point 1 mm = 1x10-3 m = 0.001 m 1 micrometer/micron (μm): 100 μm is the thickness of a sheet of paper 1 μm = 1x10-6 m = 0.000001 m 1 nanometer (nm): 2 nm is the width of a DNA helix 1 nm = 1x10-9 m = 0.000000001 m

  5. Physical Characteristics DVD CD Label Acrylic Reflective Polycarbonate http://rubberdisc.com/images/CD-layers.jpg http://gfx.cdfreaks.com/reviews/memorexf16/image030.jpg http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/computers/compactdiscs/writable/cdwriter.html

  6. Data Storage & Reading Binary information to be used by computer 0 1 0 http://www.usbyte.com/common/derived/compact_disk_4.htm_txt_cd%20encoding.gif http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/computers/digitalvideodiscs/dvd.html http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/removable-storage-cd.jpg http://www.soundfountain.com/amb/25cdlaserarm2.jpg

  7. Optical Principles http://www.upei.ca/~phys221/mbrookshaw/Glossary/complete_em_spectrum.JPG http://www.lacie.com/imgstore/more/blu-ray_storagedensities.gif

  8. Atomic Force Microscope • Images on small scales (1 nm – 100 μm) • Produces 3D images of surfaces Photodetector Camera Piezo Cantilever CD sample Our AFM http://nano.tm.agilent.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/how-an-atomic-force-microscope-works.bmp

  9. Physics Principles Van der Waals Force http://www.mechmat.caltech.edu/~kaushik/park/1-2-1.htm http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2003/swinerd/forces/forces.htm • We used the AFM in contact mode • The AFM tip and the sample surface are attracted to each other via Van der Waals forces. Newton’s Third Law http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/newtlaws/u2l4a.html

  10. Sample Preparation Debris is removed from the surface using a cotton swab, isopropyl alcohol and compressed air. The label and acrylic layers are removed using a razor blade and duct tape. A pen point is 10 times larger than the area of the CD we’re scanning.

  11. The cantilever is positioned above a clean area of the sample. Magnified 1,000 X The laser beam is positioned so that it strikes the center of the photodetector.

  12. AFM Calibration We calibrated the AFM by using a grating with known properties. 3D image of calibration grating Measurements for one row of grating: Average pitch: 10.48 μm Standard deviation: 1.06 Error: 4.8% Average height: 199.94 nm Standard deviation: 4.36 Error: 11.07% Profile view of the calibration grating.

  13. AFM images of CD surface Top view 3D image Scratches from cleaning Side view Data is encoded in the pattern of pits and lands.

  14. Measurement of CD Pit Depth & Length The wavelength for infrared light: ~750 nm

  15. 3D image of DVD surface showing pits and lands We measured the depth and length of the pits on DVD tracks. Data track

  16. Measurement of DVD Pit Depth & Length The wavelength for red light: 650 nm

  17. Limitations of the AFM Bowing: The cantilever follows a curved path across the sample surface Hysteresis: The piezo doesn’t respond to applied voltage the same way as it expands and contracts. Non-linearity: The piezo is a man-made material. Doubling the applied voltage doesn’t necessarily double the length. Creep: The tip doesn’t react instantly to changes in topography

  18. Conclusions • We have learned to operate an AFM and to interpret the data that it produces. • We have developed a protocol to remove the label and acrylic layers from a CD/DVD. • We have used the AFM to measure a calibration grating and to explore errors introduced by the instrument. • We have measured the pit length and depth on a CD and DVD. We find our measurements to be consistent with the literature.

  19. Future Directions • Materials science and chemistry have shown that the components of a CD-R (polycarbonate, organic dye) will not last forever, perhaps as little as 2-5 years. • We plan to accelerate the aging of CD-R’s by exposing them to heat/humidity. We will use the AFM to image and compare CD-R surfaces after exposure to systematically varying conditions. • Our first step will be to develop a protocol to remove the label and acrylic layers from a CD-R without removing organic dye layer that contains the CD’s data. Blank tracks on CD-R after the organic dye has been removed.

  20. Special thanks to… • Christian Franck, our research mentor • James Maloney and Sherry Tsai, SRC coordinators • Prof. G. Ravichandran and his research group • Siemens Corporation • The California Institute of Technology

  21. Discussing length scales and measuring in microns

  22. Taking a tour of Caltech’s SEM and TEM facilities

  23. Practicing order-of-magnitude calculations

  24. Tramel after two hours of order-of-magnitude calculations

  25. Learning about the physics behind AFM

  26. Christian explains how an AFM scans the sample surface.

  27. A look at our AFM

  28. A closer look

  29. Creating a protocol for AFM operation

  30. Tyree locates the laser and photodetector.

  31. Rough measurements of the calibration grating

  32. Viewing the calibration grating under an optical microscope

  33. Tramel cleans the grating using isopropyl alcohol, a cotton swab and compressed air

  34. Positioning the sample stage under the AFM

  35. Learning how to use the software that controls the AFM

More Related